Chapter 8

Question 0

A mark of social disgrace that sets he deviant apart from the rest of society.

Answer 0

Stigma

Question 1

Behavior that violates significant social norms.

Answer 1

Deviance

Question 2

The social scientists who study criminal behavior.

Answer 2

Criminologists.

Question 3

The viewing of deviance as the normal outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society.

Answer 3

Strain theory

Question 4

The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.

Answer 4

Anomie

Question 5

Explanation or deviance as a natural occurrence.

Answer 5

Control Theory

Question 6

The explanation of deviance as a learned behavior

Answer 6

Cultural transmission theory

Question 7

Reference to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and no deviant individuals.

Answer 7

Differential association

Question 8

Techniques that act as a block on the controls that discourage deviant behavior.

Answer 8

Techniques of neutralization

Question 9

Focus on how individuals come to be indemnified as deviant.

Answer 9

Labeling theory

Question 10

Individuals who commit acts of primary deviance do not consider themselves to be deviant and neither does society.

Answer 10

Secondary deviance

Question 11

A nonconformity they goes undetected by those in authority.

Answer 11

Primary deviance

Question 12

The denouncing found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.

Answer 12

Degradation ceremony

Question 13

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.

Answer 13

Crime

Question 14

Offenses committed by individuals of high social statues in the course of their professional lives.

Answer 14

White collar crime

Question 15

A large scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.

Answer 15

Crime syndicate

Question 16

Once a crime has been committed and reported, it falls under the category.

Answer 16

Criminal justice system

Question 17

The police have considerable power to decide who is actually arrested

Answer 17

Police discretion

Question 18

The high rate of arrests among african Americans.

Answer 18

Racial profiling

Question 19

The proceSs of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge on return for a lighter sentence.

Answer 19

Plea bargaining

Question 20

Sanctions used to punish criminals.

Answer 20

Corrections

Question 21

The term for repeated criminal behavior.

Answer 21

Recidivism