Chapter 8

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

• the study of a population
• analyzes the size and composition of a population
• how and why people move from place to place
• demographers collect data that affects population

Question 2

Fertility

Answer 2

• is the incidence of child-bearing in a country’s population
• Demographers describe fertility with CRUDE BIRTH RATE

Question 3

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 3

the number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population

Question 4

Mortality

Answer 4

• death in a countries population

- measured using both CRUDE DEATH RATES and INFANT MORTALITY RATES

Question 5

crude death rate/infant morality rate

Answer 5

1) a number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people in a population
2) the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a given year

Question 6

net migration

Answer 6

the difference between the in-migration rate and the out-migration rate

Question 7

population growth

Answer 7

• rich nations grow as much from natural increase as from immigration
• poor nations almost entirely grow of natural increase

Question 8

population composition

Answer 8

demographers use age-sex pyramids to show the composition of a population graphically and to project population trends

Question 9

life expectancy

Answer 9

the average lifespan of a countries population

Question 10

sex-ratio

Answer 10

the number of males for every 100 females

Question 11

History of world population growth

Answer 11

• historically, world population grew slowly because of high birth rates were offset by high death rates
• 1750: demographic transition began, population grew sharply due to a decrease in death rates
• Thomas Malthus was worried that population would outgrow the ability to produce food resulting in social calamity

Question 12

demographic transition theory

Answer 12

the technological advances that gradually slow population increase
-currently world is gaining 83 million people each year, with 97 percent of its increase taking place in poor countries
-world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050
-4 stages of demographic transition:
1-high birth and death rates, pre-industrial, very slow pop growth
2-high birth rates, declining death rates, early industrial, rapid pop growth
3-slowing birth rates, low death rates, mature industrial, slowing pop growth
4-low birth and death rates, post-industrial, very slow pop growth

Question 13

zero population growth

Answer 13

the rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level

Question 14

First urban revolution

Answer 14

• began with first appearances of cities 10 000 years ago
• 2000 years ago cities had emerged in most regions in world except for antartica and north america
• pre-industrial cities have low rising buildings, narrow & winding streets, and personal social ties

Question 15

second urban revolution

Answer 15

• began about 1750 as industrial revolution took over most of europe
• physical form of cities changed as planners created wide , regular streets to facilitate commerce
• the emphasis on business, as well as the increasing size of cities, made urban life more impersonal

Question 16

third urban revolution

Answer 16

• now occurring in poor countries

- today, most of worlds largest cities are found in less developed nations

Question 17

urbanization in Canada

Answer 17

• going for about 300 years
• urbanization came to canada with british and french settlers
• by 1800, 100’s of cities founded in US but in Canada there were only 15 families living between burlington bay and the bay of quinte (200 km apart)
• today more then 80 percent of canada’s population is urbanized
• many of our cities and their suburbs are strung together jn metropolitan areas
• The golden horseshoe contains one-third of canada’s population and windsor quebec city corridor contains about half

Question 18

metropolis

Answer 18

large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area

Question 19

suburbs

Answer 19

urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

Question 20

megalopolis

Answer 20

a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs

Question 21

Gemeinchaft

Answer 21

a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

Question 22

Gesellschaft

Answer 22

a type of social organization in which people come together on the basis of individual self interest

Question 23

urban ecology

Answer 23

the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities

Question 24

Ferdinard Tonnies (European sociologist studying ideas between rural and urban life)

Answer 24

• built analysis on concepts of gesellschaft and gemeinschaft
• gemeinschaft was a typical of rural village, joins people in what amounts to a single primary group
• gesellschaft, typical of modern city, describes individuals motivated by there own needs rather than by a desire to help improve the well being of the community

Question 25

emile durkheim

Answer 25

• agreed with Tonnies thinking but claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in two settings :
• mechanical solidarity: social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. traditional rural life.
• organic solidarity: social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. this type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.

Question 26

Georg Simmel (europe)

Answer 26

claimed that the overstimulation of city life produced a blasé attitude in urbanites

Question 27

Robert Park (US)

Answer 27

at university of chicago, claimed that cities permit greater social freedom

Question 28

Louis Wirth (US)

Answer 28

saw large, dense, heterogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerable way of life.

Question 29

environment and social life

Answer 29

• state of environment is social issue because it reflects how human beings organize social life.
• more complex a society’s technology , the greater capacity it has to alter the natural environment

Question 30

ecology

Answer 30

the study of interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

Question 31

natural environment

Answer 31

earths surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil and other resources necessary to sustain life

Question 32

ecosystem

Answer 32

system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment

Question 33

environmental deficit

Answer 33

profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence

Question 34

environmental racism

Answer 34

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards
-conflict theory draws attention to this pattern

Question 35

ecologically sustainable culture

Answer 35

a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations

Question 36

logic-growth thesis

Answer 36

supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise

Question 37

limits-to-growth thesis

Answer 37

states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse

Question 38

disposing of solid waste

Answer 38

54 percent of what we throw away ends up in landfills, which are filling up and can pollute groundwater

Question 39

protecting quality of water and air

Answer 39

supply of clean water is already low in some parts of the world. industrial technology has caused a decline in air quality

Question 40

protecting the rain forests

Answer 40

rainforests help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are home to a large stare of this planets living species. under pressure from development, the worlds rain forests are now half there original sizes and are shrinking 1 percent annually