Chapter 8

Question 1

Gender identity

Answer 1

The ability to correctly label oneself and others as male and females. Our sense of being male or female

Question 2

Gender stability (3-5)

Answer 2

The understanding that gender is a stable, lifelong characteristic

Question 3

Gender constancy (5-8)

Answer 3

The understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearance

Question 4

Gender Schema theory

Answer 4

An information processing approach to gender concept development, asserting that people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others

Question 5

Key points of gender schema

Answer 5

• Begins to develop as soon as child notices differences between male and female, knows own gender, can label two groups with consistency by age 2 or 3
• Once child has established a primitive gender schema, a great many experiences can be assimilated to it
• As soon as schema begins to be formed, children may begin to show preference for same-sex playmates or for gender stereo-typed activities

Question 6

Parenting styles

Answer 6

The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children’s behavior

Question 7

Permissive parenting style

Answer 7

A style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication

Question 8

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 8

A style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Question 9

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 9

A style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Question 10

Uninvolved parenting style

Answer 10

A style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Question 11

Aggression

Answer 11

Behavior intended to harm another person or an object

Question 12

Instrumental aggression

Answer 12

Aggression used to gain or damage an object

Question 13

Hostile aggression

Answer 13

Aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage

Question 14

Group entry

Answer 14

Children who are skilled in group entry spend time observing others to find out what they’re doing and then try to become a part of it.
* Children who have poor group entry skills try to gain acceptance through aggressive behavior or by interrupting the group. Developmentalists have found that children with poor group-entry skills are often rejected by peers

Question 15

Skills young child uses to initiate and maintain contact with a group of unfamiliar peers

Answer 15

Group entry

Question 16

empathy

Answer 16

The ability to identify with another person’s emotional state

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

The young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does