Chapter 8 Flashcards
(21 cards)
dorsal vs ventral pathways
Dorsal pathway the action pathway (where/how, action pathway, reach for cup) – ventral pathway the “what” pathway (identification precise cup)
Dual-Coding Hypothesis. Who
Paivio, LTM is coded (represented) in both verbal and visual terms
Relational-Organization Hypothesis. Who
Bower. Imagery improves memory because it produces more associations with the items to be recalled
verbal vs spacial encoding, where?
verbal=left temporal, spatial visulizing=parietal
Implicit Encoding, Perceptual Equivalence, Transformational Equivalence, Spatial Equivalence, Structural Equivalence
We encode mental images of experiences whether we intend to or not; Similar brain patterns (and areas) at work during visual imagination of objects and images as during real interactions; Imagined transformations are bound by the same laws of motion as physical transformations; The relative spatial relationships among elements (e.g., locations, distances, sizes) are preserved in the visual image; The structure of mental images corresponds to the actual objects
egocentric navigation: path integration
Keep track of position relative to start point based on number of turns and distance traveled
Allocentric Navigation
A location is remembered relative to its position to landmarks and boundaries (primary in hippocampal formation)
O’keefe & Nadel (Viewpoint-invariant)
cognitive map theory: A spatial representation stored in long-term memory for later retrieval. Viewpoint-invariant: novel shortcutting, stable across viewpoints
Parahippocampal Place Area
processes scenes as individual snapshots
Entorhinal Cortex
has grid cells (form blueprint map, responds at multiple locations whereas place cell only at one) and boundary cells (code for boundaries in space, a drop off a wall)
retrosplenial cortex
where egocentric and allocentric information is combined
sex differences in navigating
males use more geometric info (distance/direction) females use more landmarks
Vector vs. true Navigation
Follow specific course using celestial cues (i.e., sun and moon) as directional guide; Use a variety of directional, landmark, and social cues to maintain a course
Homing Pigeons
magnetic cues (magnetite-based in upper beak, chemical in eyes), olfactory, sun commas, landmarks
ocean birds, monarch butterflies, bees, african desert ants
use olfactory; one way trip, straight vector navigation; bees waggle to communicate, use snapshots; ants mental step counter and gauges sun
Sound: binaural cues, monaural cues
both ears (intramural time difference, intramural level caused by head acoustic shadow), one ear
separating sounds, 3
Azimuth coordinates - position along a left to right plane; Elevation coordinates - position along an up and down plane; Distance coordinates - position from listener
Spectral Cues
Involve the spectrum of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations in space
Bat Eccolocation
search phase, random; approach phase to locate; terminal buzz constant to pinpoint prey
Prey voice to escape bats
Startle Hypothesis (click to catch bat by surprise), Range Interference Hypothesis (most likely, jam tonal w clicks), Phantom Echo Hypothesis (clicks create phantom sonar)
mimicry
Mullerian mimics both his own and other apo sym sps.; Batesian just mimics the apop sys species
