Chapter 8

Question 1

dorsal vs ventral pathways

Answer 1

Dorsal pathway the action pathway (where/how, action pathway, reach for cup) – ventral pathway the “what” pathway (identification precise cup)

Question 2

Dual-Coding Hypothesis. Who

Answer 2

Paivio, LTM is coded (represented) in both verbal and visual terms

Question 3

Relational-Organization Hypothesis. Who

Answer 3

Bower. Imagery improves memory because it produces more associations with the items to be recalled

Question 4

verbal vs spacial encoding, where?

Answer 4

verbal=left temporal, spatial visulizing=parietal

Question 5

Implicit Encoding, Perceptual Equivalence, Transformational Equivalence, Spatial Equivalence, Structural Equivalence

Answer 5

We encode mental images of experiences whether we intend to or not; Similar brain patterns (and areas) at work during visual imagination of objects and images as during real interactions; Imagined transformations are bound by the same laws of motion as physical transformations; The relative spatial relationships among elements (e.g., locations, distances, sizes) are preserved in the visual image; The structure of mental images corresponds to the actual objects

Question 6

egocentric navigation: path integration

Answer 6

Keep track of position relative to start point based on number of turns and distance traveled

Question 7

Allocentric Navigation

Answer 7

A location is remembered relative to its position to landmarks and boundaries (primary in hippocampal formation)

Question 8

O’keefe & Nadel (Viewpoint-invariant)

Answer 8

cognitive map theory: A spatial representation stored in long-term memory for later retrieval. Viewpoint-invariant: novel shortcutting, stable across viewpoints

Question 9

Parahippocampal Place Area

Answer 9

processes scenes as individual snapshots

Question 10

Entorhinal Cortex

Answer 10

has grid cells (form blueprint map, responds at multiple locations whereas place cell only at one) and boundary cells (code for boundaries in space, a drop off a wall)

Question 11

retrosplenial cortex

Answer 11

where egocentric and allocentric information is combined

Question 12

sex differences in navigating

Answer 12

males use more geometric info (distance/direction) females use more landmarks

Question 13

Vector vs. true Navigation

Answer 13

Follow specific course using celestial cues (i.e., sun and moon) as directional guide; Use a variety of directional, landmark, and social cues to maintain a course

Question 14

Homing Pigeons

Answer 14

magnetic cues (magnetite-based in upper beak, chemical in eyes), olfactory, sun commas, landmarks

Question 15

ocean birds, monarch butterflies, bees, african desert ants

Answer 15

use olfactory; one way trip, straight vector navigation; bees waggle to communicate, use snapshots; ants mental step counter and gauges sun

Question 16

Sound: binaural cues, monaural cues

Answer 16

both ears (intramural time difference, intramural level caused by head acoustic shadow), one ear

Question 17

separating sounds, 3

Answer 17

Azimuth coordinates - position along a left to right plane; Elevation coordinates - position along an up and down plane; Distance coordinates - position from listener

Question 18

Spectral Cues

Answer 18

Involve the spectrum of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations in space

Question 19

Bat Eccolocation

Answer 19

search phase, random; approach phase to locate; terminal buzz constant to pinpoint prey

Question 20

Prey voice to escape bats

Answer 20

Startle Hypothesis (click to catch bat by surprise), Range Interference Hypothesis (most likely, jam tonal w clicks), Phantom Echo Hypothesis (clicks create phantom sonar)

Question 21

mimicry

Answer 21

Mullerian mimics both his own and other apo sym sps.; Batesian just mimics the apop sys species