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ACCT 301 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Inventories

A

Are asset items that a company holds for sale in the ordinary course of Business or goods that it will use or consume in production of goods to be sold

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2
Q

Merchandise inventory

A

Reports cost assigned to unsold units left on hand

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3
Q

Raw materials inventory

A

A company reports the cost assigned to goods and materials on hand but not yet placed into production

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4
Q

Raw materials include the following

A

Wood to make a baseball bat

Or

Steel to make a car

These materials can be traced directly to end product

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5
Q

Work in process inventory

A

The cost of raw material for these unfinished units plus the direct labor cost applied specifically to this material and eatable share of manufacturing overhead costs

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6
Q

Finished goods inventory

A

Companies report costs identified with completed but unsold units on hand at the end of fiscal period

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7
Q

Companies that sell or produce goods report what?

A

Inventory and cogs at the end of each accounting period

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8
Q

Companies use what two types of systems for maintaining accurate inventory records for these costs?

A

Periodic and perpetual

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9
Q

Inventory cost flow is

A

Beginning inventory plus of cost of goods purchased = cost of goods available for sale.

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10
Q

Inventory cost flow

as goods are sold they are assigned to?

Goods that are not sold by the end of accounting period represent?

A

Cogs

Ending inventory

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11
Q

Perpetual inventory system

A

Continuously tracks changes in inventory account.

Company records all purchases and sales (issues) of goods directly in the inventory account as they occur.

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12
Q

Periodic inventory system

A

Determined quantity of inventory on hand only periodically as the name implies

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13
Q

In order to do periodically , what does the company need to do?

A
  1. Record all acquisitions of inventory during accounting period by debuting purchase account
  2. Company adds total in purchase account at end of period to the cost of inventory on hand at the beginning of period. This sum determined total cost of goods a subtle for sale during sale
  3. To compute cogs, ending inventory is subtracted from cog available for sale
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14
Q

Many companies cannot afford a complete _______ system?

A

Perpetual

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15
Q

Most companies need current information regarding the inventory levels to protect against stock outs or over purchasing as a result companies use

A

Modified perpetual inventory system

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16
Q

Modified perpetual inventory system

A

Provides detailed inventory records of increases and decreases in quantities only not dollar amounts

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17
Q

Modified perpetual inventory system is a memorandum device outside double entry system that helps determine

A

Level of inventory at any point in time

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18
Q

No matter what type of inventory records companies use they all

A

Face the danger of loss and error

Such as waste breakage theft improper entry failure to prepare or differ from actual inventory on hand

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19
Q

Thus all companies need a periodic verification of

A

Inventory records by actual count , weight, or measurement with counts prepared with detailed inventory records

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20
Q

Companies correct records to

A

Agree with quantities actually on hand

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21
Q

When should companies take physical inventory?

A

Near the end of fiscal year to properly report inventory quantities

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22
Q

Goods sold or used during accounting period correspond to

A

The goods bought or produced during that period

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23
Q

Cost of all goods available for sale or use must be allocated between?

A

Goods that were sold or used and those still on hand

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24
Q

Inventory and accounts payable is recognized when?

A

It controls the asset

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25
Q

Fob shipping point

A

.

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26
Q

Fob destination

A

.

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27
Q

Transfer of legal title is is the general guideline for?

A

Used to determine whether the company should include an item in inventory

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28
Q

What are the two special sales situations that indicate the types of problems companies encounter in practice?

A

Sales with repurchase agreement

Sales with high rates of return

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29
Q

Sales with repurchase agreement

Sometimes a company finances its inventory without

A

Reporting either a liability or the inventory on its balance sheet

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30
Q

Sales with repurchase agreement , usually involves a transfer (sale) with

A

Either an implicit or explicit repurchase agreement

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31
Q

Sales with high rates of return

Informal agreement soften exist that

A

Permit purchasers to return inventory for a full or partial refund

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32
Q

Companies generally account for acquisition of

A

Inventories like other assets on a cost basis

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33
Q

Product costs

A

Costs that attach to the inventory

So the product costs are recorded in inventory account

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34
Q

Product costs are directly related to

A

Connected with bringing the goods to the buyers place of business and converting such goods to a salable condition

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35
Q

A manufacture company’s costs include

A

Direct materials
Direct labor
Manufacturing overhead costs

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36
Q

Manufacturing costs include

A

Indirect materials

Indirect labor

Various costs such as depreciation, taxes, insurance and utilities

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37
Q

Period costs

A

Are costs that are indirectly related to the acquisition or production of goods

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38
Q

Period costs such as selling expenses and under ordinary circumstances, general expenses are not included as

A

Part of inventory cost

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39
Q

Companies exclude this costs from inventoriable items

A

Bc companies generally consider selling expenses as more directly related to the cogs than the unsold inventory

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40
Q

Interest is a

A

Period cost

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41
Q

Usually expense interest costs associated with

A

Getting inventories ready for sale

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42
Q

Supporters of approach argue

A

Interest costs are really a cost of financing

Others contend that interest costs incurred to finance activities associated with readying inventories for sale are as much a cost of asset as materials labor and overhead

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43
Q

FASB ruled that companies should capitalize interest costs related to

A

Assets constructed for internal use or assets produced as discrete projects for sale or lease

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44
Q

Internalize costs for inventories should not be k

A

Capitalized

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45
Q

Purchase discounts in periodic inventory system indicates that

A

A company is reporting its purchases and accounts payable at gross amount

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46
Q

If company uses gross method, purchase discounts are reported as a deduction from

A

Purchases on income statement

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47
Q

Net of cash discounts

A

The company records a failure to take purchase discount within discount period in the purchase discount lost account.

48
Q

Under the net of cash discounts, the purchase discounts are considered as

A

As a financial expense and reports it in other expenses and losses in income statement

This treatment is considered better

  1. Produces correct reporting of cost of asset and related liability
  2. It can measure management inefficiency by holding management responsible for discounts not taken
49
Q

Under the cost flow assumption

A

There is no requirement that the cost flow assumption adopted be consistent with physical movement of goods

50
Q

Specific identification

A

Calls for identifying each item sold and each item in inventory .

51
Q

Specific identification

A company includes in cost of goods sold the costs of specific item sold

It includes in inventory then

A

.costs of specific items on hand

52
Q

Specific identification method can be used only in

A

Instances where it is practical to separate physically from the different purchases made

53
Q

Most companies use the specific identification method when handling

A

Small # of costly easily distinguishable items

54
Q

Specific identification matches

A

Actual costs against actual revenue

55
Q

Under specific identification the cost flow matched the

A

Physical flow of goods

56
Q

Some believe that specific identification allows a company to manipulate

A

Income

57
Q

Another problem of specific identification is

A

Is the arbitrary allocation of costs that some items occurs with specific inventory items

For example, face difficulty in relating shipping charges, storage costs and discounts given to inventory item

58
Q

Average cost method

A

Prices items in the inventory on the basis of the average cost of all similar goods available during the period

59
Q

Companies use average cost methods for

A

Practical reasons

60
Q

Average method is not as subjected to manipulate

A

Income

61
Q

FIFO

A

Assumes that company uses goods in the order it purchases them

62
Q

FIFO method assumes that

A

First goods purchases are the first used or the first sold

63
Q

The inventory that remains in the FIFO method represent

A

The most recent purchases

64
Q

when FIFO is used the inventory and cogs

A

Would be the same at the end of the month whether a perpetual or periodic system is used.

65
Q

WHY?

A

Bc the same costs will always be first in and first out

66
Q

Objective of FIFO

A

Approximate the physical flow of goods

67
Q

When the physical flow of goods is actually first in first out the FIFO method closely approximates

A

Specific identification

68
Q

When FIFO closely approximates specific identification it prevents manipulation of

A

Income

69
Q

Advantage of FIFO

A

Ending inventory is close to current cost

BECAUSE

first goods in are first goods out, ending inventory amount consists of most recent purchases

70
Q

FIFO fails to match what?

A

Current costs against current revenues on income statement

71
Q

Under FIFO

Company charges oldest costs against more current revenue which possibly distorts

A

Gross profit and net income

72
Q

LIFO

A

Matches the cost of last goods purchased against revenue

73
Q

Many companies use LIFO for

A

Tax and external reporting purposes

74
Q

FIFO , average cost or standard costs system for

A

Internal reporting purposes

75
Q

Reasons

A
  1. Companies often base their pricing decisions on FIFO average cost or standard cost assumption rather than lifo basis
  2. Record keeping on some other basis is easier bc LIFO assumption usually does not approximate physical flow of product
  3. Profit sharing and other bonus arrangements often depend on non LIFO inventory assumption
  4. The use of pure LIFO system is troublesome for intern periods which require estimates of year end quantity and prices
76
Q

LIFO Reserve

A

Is the difference between the inventory method used for internal reporting purposes and LIFO is the allowance to reduce inventory to lifo account

77
Q

LIFO effect

A

Is the change in allowance balance from one period to the next

78
Q

Specific goods approach is often unrealistic for two reasons

A
  1. When a company has many different inventory items the accounting cost of tracking each inventory item is expensive
  2. Erosion of the LIFO inventory can easily occur
79
Q

LIFO liquidation

A

Where erosion of LIFO inventory can easily occur. Which often distorts net income and leads to tax payments

80
Q

Comprises cost from past periods, these costs are called

A

Layers (increases from period to period)

81
Q

LIFO liquidation can occur frequently when using

A

Specific goods LIFO approach

82
Q

How to alleviate LIFO liquidation

A

Companies can combine goods into pools

83
Q

Pools

A

Groups items in similar nature

84
Q

Instead of identical items, company combines and counts as a group

A

A number of similar units or products

85
Q

Specified goods pooled LIFO approach results in fewer

WHY???

A

LIFO liquidations

WHY????
Bc the reduction of one quantity in the pool maybe offset by an increase in another

86
Q

Specific goods pooled LIFO approach eliminates some of the disadvantages of

A

Specific goods (traditional) accounting for LIFO inventories

87
Q

Specific goods pooled LIFO approach creates other problems such as

A

Companies continually change mix of products so companies must continually redefine the pools. ( time consuming and costly).

Second, even when practical, the approach results in erosion (LIFO Liquidation) of layers, thereby losing much of LIFO costing benefit

88
Q

When does erosion of layer occur?

A

When a Specified good or material in the pool is replaced with another good or material

89
Q

Dollar value LIFO overcomes the problems of

A

Redefining pools and eroding layers

90
Q

Dollar value LIFO method

A

Determined and measures any increases and decreases in a pool in terms of total dollar value, not the physical quantity of the goods in inventory pool

91
Q

Dollar value LIFO has 2 important advantages over specific goods pooled approach

A
  1. Companies may include a broader range of goods in dollar value LIFO
    T
  2. Dollar value LIFO pool permits replacement of goods that are similar items similar in use or interchangeable
92
Q

Dollar value LIFO techniques help protect LIFO layers from

A

Erosion

93
Q

Companies use traditional LIFO approaches only when dealing with

A

Goods and expecting little change in product mix

94
Q

Under dollar value LIFO method, one pool may contain the entire inventory . However companies use several pools. In general the more goods included in a poooo

A

The more likely that increases in the quantity of some goods will offset the decreases in other goods in the same pool

95
Q

Having fewer pools means

A

Less cost and less chance of a reduction of LIFO layer

96
Q

Note a layer forms only when?

A

The ending inventory at base year prices exceeds the beginning inventory at base year prices

97
Q

When a decrease occurs the company

A

Peels off precious layers at the prices in existence when it adds the layers

98
Q

In dollar value LIFO are price changes critical?

A

Yes

99
Q

Many companies use the general price level index that the federal government

A

Prepares and publishes each month

100
Q

Consumer price index for urban consumers is the most popular

A

General external price level index

101
Q

When a relevant specific external price index is not readily available a company may

A

A company may compute it down specific internal price index and

102
Q

Price index provides

A

A measure of change in price of cost levels between bad year and current year

103
Q

Specific goods LIFO is

A

Unrealistic

104
Q

Specific goods pooled LIFO approach reduces

A

record keeping and clerical costs

105
Q

It is more difficult to erode layers because

A

The reduction of one quantity in the pool may be offset by an increase in another

106
Q

Pooled approach using quantities as its measurement basis can lead to

A

LIFO liquidations

107
Q

Most companies using LIFO system use

A

Dollar value LIFO

108
Q

Major advantages of LIFO

A

Obvious advantage is that LIFO cost flow may approximate physical flow of goods in and out of inventory .

109
Q

Major advantages LIFO include

A

Matching

  • matches most recent costs against current revenues to better measure current earnings
  • inventory profits occur when the inventory costs matched against sales are less than the inventory replacement cost
  • LIFO matches current costs against revenue reducing inventory profits

Tax benefits/improved cash flow

  • LIFO popularity stems from tax benefits
  • as long as price level increases and inventory quarries do not decrease, deferral of income tax occurs. Why? Because company matches items it most recents purchased against revenues
  • tax law requires that if a company uses LIFO for tax purposes t must use LIFO for financial accounting purposes referred as LIFO conformity rule

Future earnings hedge

  • future price declines will not substantially effect a company’s future reported earnings
  • he reason: since company records most recent inventory as sold first there is not much ending inventory at high prices vulnerable to price decline
110
Q

Major disadvantages of LIFO

A

Reduced earning
- view lower profits under LIFO in inflationary times as distinct disadvantage

  • would rather have higher reported profits than lower taxes

Inventory understated

  • LIFO may have distorting effect on company balance sheet
  • inventory valuation is normally outdated because the oldest costs remain in inventory
  • the combined effect of rising product prices and avoidance of inventory liquidation increases the difference between inventory carrying value of LIFO and current prices of that inventory

Physical flow

  • LIFO does not approximate physical flow of the items except in specific situations
  • physical flow characteristics no longer determine whether a company may employs LIFO

Involuntary liquidation/ poor buying habits

  • if a company eliminates the base of layers of old costs it may match old irrelevant costs against current revenues
  • bc of liquidation problem, LIFO may cause poor buying habits.
  • a company may simply purchase more goods and march these goods against revenue to avoid charging the old costs to expenses
  • a company may attempt to manipulate its. We income at the end of year simply by altering its pattern of purchases
111
Q

Basis selection of inventory method

LIFO occurs in the following instance

A
  1. If selling prices and revenues have been increasing faster than costs thereby distorting income
  2. In situations where LIFO has been traditional such as department store and industries where a fairly constant base stock is present
112
Q

LIFO is inappropriate in the following

A
  1. Where prices tend to lag behind costs
  2. In situations where specific identification is traditional such as sale of automobiles, farm equipment , art jewelry
  3. Unit costs tend to decrease as production increases thereby nullifying tax benefit that LIFO might provide
113
Q

Switching from FIFO to LIFO results in

A

Immediate tax benefit

114
Q

Switching from LIFO to FIFO results in

A

Substantial tax burden

115
Q

Relaxation of LIFO conformity rule has led some companies to select LIFO as inventory valuation method bc

A

They will be able to disclose FIFO income numbers in financial reports if so desires

ACCT 301 (12 decks)

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