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Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (18)
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1
Q

norms

A

Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.

2
Q

culture

A

A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community.

3
Q

entrapment

A

A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.

4
Q

attribution theory

A

The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or disposition.

5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency, in explaining other people’s behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.

6
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

The notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded.

7
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behavior.

8
Q

familiarity effect

A

The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it.

9
Q

validity effect

A

The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times.

10
Q

groupthink

A

The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement.

11
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume others will.

12
Q

deindividuation

A

In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one’s own individuality.

13
Q

social identity

A

The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation or other social affiliation.

14
Q

ethnic identity

A

A person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group.

15
Q

acculturation

A

The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture.

16
Q

ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others.

17
Q

stereotype

A

A summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral).

18
Q

prejudice

A

A strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on negative stereotype.