Chapter 8 Flashcards
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in on a full in the blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as in a multiple choice test
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encoding
Process of getting information into memory system/aka our brain
Ex) Sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it without us realizing it.
Storage
Process of retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; included knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Explicit memory
(Aka declarative memory)
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. We encode explicit memories through conscious effort full processing
Implicit memory
(Aka non-declarative memory)
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. We encode implicit memories through automatic processing, without our awareness.
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory feeds our active working memory, recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds.
Two types of sensory memory
iconic memory and echoic memory
Iconic Memory
Picture-image memory of visual stimuli lasting no
more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
Sound memory of auditory stimuli; can be recalled
within 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
Organization of items into familiar,
manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially techniques that
use vivid imagery and organizational devices
HIerarchies
Organization of items into a few broad
categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Spacing Effect
Encoding is more effective when it is spread
over time.
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than
simply rereading, information. Repeated self-testing (using the Retrieve It and Testing Effect questions in this text, for example) does more than assess learning: It improves it
Shallow processing
encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound)
Deep Processing
encodes semantically, based on word meaning
Semantic Memory
Explicit memory of facts and general
knowledge
