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Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (24)
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1
Q

Most famous radiation incidents

A
  1. Hiroshima and Nagasaki- World war II, 1945.
  2. Chernobyl. - Former Soviet Union, 1984.
  3. •Madam Curie 1867 - 1934
    1. A Polish-French scientist worked with radioactive material
    2. Discovered radium and polonium
    3. Unaware of the danger of exposure to radiation
    4. Won 2 Nobel prizes, physics and chemistry
    5. Later died of the effects of radiation
2
Q

Examples of Radioactive elements

A
  • Uranium
  • Plutonium
  • Radium
  • Polonium
  • Thorium
3
Q

•Radiation hazards in the workplace fall into one of two categories:

A
  • ionizing or
  • nonionizing.
4
Q

types of ionizing radiation

A
5
Q

Radiation

A
  • Combination of energetic nuclear particles and includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high speed electrons, and high speed protons.
  • The emission (انبعاث ) (sending out) of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.
  • Radiation is energy travelling through space. Sunshine is one of the most familiar forms of radiation.
6
Q

Restricted area:

A

Any area to which access(entry)is restricted (limited)in an attempt to protect employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials

7
Q

Dose

A

The amount of ionizing radiation absorbed (يمتص)(take in, sucked in) per unit of mass by part of the body or the whole body

8
Q

Rem

A

•A measure of the dose of ionizing radiation to body tissue stated in terms of its estimated biological effect relative to a dose of one roentgen, ® of X-rays.

9
Q

Radiation area:

A

•Any accessible area in which radiation hazard exists that could deliver doses as follows:

  • •within one hour a major portion of the body could receive more than 5 millirems, or within 5 consecutive days a major portion of the body could receive more than 100 millirems.
10
Q

Personal monitoring (watching) devices

A
  • Employers must conduct comprehensive (full, overall) surveys to identify and evaluate radiation hazards present in the workplace from any and all sources.
  • Employers must require the use of appropriate personnel monitoring devices (instrument, tool) by any employee who enters a high radiation area.
11
Q

Caution signs

A

•The universal color scheme for caution signs and label warning of radiation hazards is purpleor magenta ( reddish-purple) superimposed on a yellow background.

12
Q

•Both Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and ………………….. (NRC) require caution signs in:

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

  • radiation areas,
  • high radiation areas,
  • Airborne(in air) radiation areas,
  • areas containing radioactive materials, and
  • containers in which radioactive materials are stored or transported
13
Q

the caution sign figure shows:

A
  • •The universal symbol for radiation, along with the appropriate warning words, this symbol should be used on signs and labels.
  • A warning sign and label that may be used in various radioactive settings
14
Q

•On containers, labels should also include the following information:

A
  • quantity of radioactive material,
  • kinds of radioactive material, and
  • date on which the contents were measured.
15
Q

Evacuation (move out) soundwarning signal

A
  • Companies that produce, use, store, or transport radioactive materials are required to have a signal generating system that can warn their employees whenever the need arises for an urgent (serious, very important)evacuation.
  • A sufficient number of signal generators must be installed to cover all personnel who may need to be evacuated.
  • The signal shall be unique, unduplicated, (very special) and instantly recognizable in the plant where it is located.
  • The signal must be long enough in duration to ensure that all potentially (possible, likely) affected employees are able to hear it.
  • The signal generator must respond automatically without the need for human activation, and it must be fitted with backup power.
16
Q

Radioactive material & non-restricted area

A
  • Radioactive material stored in unrestricted areas “shall be secured against unauthorized (unapproved)removal from the place of storage.”
  • The radioactive materials should not be handled and transported, intentional or inadvertent (unintentional)by persons who are not qualified to move them safely.
17
Q

Radioactive material disposal

A
  1. transfer to an authorized (official, legal) recipient(the one who receive).
  2. transfer in a method approved by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
  3. or transfer in a manner approved by any state that has an agreement with the AEC.
18
Q

•Immediate reporting is required for the following incidents:

A
  • Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 remsor more of radiation.
  • Exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 150 remsor more of radiation.
  • Exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms of any individual to 375 remsor more of radiation.
  • If an incident meeting one of these criteria occurs, the employer must notify the proper authorities immediately
19
Q

Radiation overexposure written report

A
  • In addition to the immediate and 24 hour notification requirements, employers are required to follow up with a written report within 30 days.
  • Written reports are required when an employee is exposed to radiation or when radioactive materials are on hand in concentrations greater than the specified limits.
20
Q

Non ionizing radiation

A
  • Non ionizing radiation encompasses (includes)visible, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, radio and alternating current (AC) power frequencies (1015Hz or less).
  • Radiation at these frequencies can cause blisters (burns, hurt) and blindness.
  • There is strong evidence (proof, confirmation) of a link between non ionizing radiation and cancer.
21
Q

warning symbol for radio frequency

A
22
Q

Non ionizing radiation concerns

A
  • Visible radiation: This can be a hazard to employees whose job requires color perception (understanding).
  • Ultraviolet radiation:most common source is the sun – can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and cataracts.
  • Infrared radiation: Creates heat. Heat stress, dry skin and eyes.
    • Primary sources are high temperature processes such as production of glass and steel.
  • Radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation: Microwave frequencies makes your skin feel warm. RF radiation may penetrate the body.
  • Laser: Hazards include thermal threat to the eyes and the threat from electrocution of the power source.
    • Smoke created by lasers in some processes can be toxic.
23
Q

Non ionizing radiation concerns

Precautionary measures include: (ultraviolet radiation)

A
  • sunglasses that block out ultraviolet rays and protective clothing.
  • Other sources include lasers, welding arcs, and ultraviolet lamps.
24
Q

Use of RF and MW radiation includes:

A
  • cellular phones,
  • high frequency welders,
  • communication transmitters,
  • radar transmitters, and
  • microwave drying equipment