Chapter 8 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
water
A
el agua
2
Q
air
A
el aire
3
Q
tree
A
el árbol
4
Q
the atmosphere
A
la atmósfera
5
Q
the city
A
la ciudad
6
Q
pollution
A
la contaminación
7
Q
the ocean
A
el mar / el océano
8
Q
nature
A
la naturaleza
9
Q
planet
A
el planeta
10
Q
hole
A
el agujero
11
Q
saving
A
el ahorro
12
Q
forest
A
el bosque
13
Q
ozone layer
A
la capa de ozono
14
Q
sky; heaven
A
el cielo
15
Q
fuel
A
el combustible
16
Q
consumption
A
el consumo
17
Q
harvest; crop
A
la cosecha
18
Q
greenhouse effect
A
el efecto invernadero
19
Q
gas
A
el gas
20
Q
wood
A
la madera
21
Q
pesticide
A
el pesticida
22
Q
oil
A
el petróleo
23
Q
resource
A
el recurso
24
Q
jungle; tropical rain forest
A
la selva
25
drought
la sequía
26
soil
la tierra
27
Earth (el planeta)
la Tierra
28
agriculture
la agricultura
29
the desert
el desierto
30
the ecology
la ecología
31
erosion
la erosión
32
explotion
la explotación
33
extinction
la extinción
34
valley
el valle
35
to save
ahorrar
36
to cut
cortar
37
to create
crear
38
to waste
desperdiciar
39
to protect
proteger (j)
40
to sow
sembrar (ie)
41
to consume
consumir
42
to cultivate
cultivar
43
to extinguish
extinguir (extingo)
44
to preserve
preservar
45
to reduce
reducir (zc)
46
agricultural
agrícola
47
environmental
medioambiental
48
olive grove
Un olivar
49
sidewalk
la acera
50
garbage
la basura
51
(garbage, recycling) bin
el contenedor (de basura, de reciclados)
52
container (bottle, can, etc.)
el envase
53
smoke
el humo
54
maintenance
el mantenimiento
55
floor
el piso
56
garbage pickup
la recogida (de basura)
57
to throw away
botar
58
disposable
reciclar desechable
59
recyclable
reciclable
60
agreement/treaty
el acuerdo / el tratado
61
stock exchange
la bolsa
62
(foreign) debt
la deuda (externa)
63
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
64
investment
la inversión
65
investors
los inversionistas
66
developed countries / developing countries
los países desarrollados / en vías de desarrollo
67
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
el PIB (Producto Interno Bruto)
68
sustainability
la sostenibilidad
69
gasoline
la gasolina
70
globalization
la globalización
71
nationalization
la nacionalización
72
privatization
la privatización
73
to invest
invertir (ie, i)
74
to sustain
sostener (irreg.)
75
sustainable
sostenible/sustentable
76
development
el desarrollo
77
the economy
la economía
78
environment
el medio ambiente
79
orchard, vegetable garden
la huerta
80
nickname
el mote
81
game of bocce
la petanca
82
la competición
el torneo
83
triste, sin ilusiones
amargado/a
84
pig-headed
cabezón/cabezona
85
to leave someone alone
dejar a alguien en paz
86
decir, haber, hacer, poder, poner, saber, salir, tener, venir
futuro (irregular)
87
crear, proteger, invertir
futuro (regular)
88
This semester I will study every day.
Este semestre estudiaré todos los días.
89
el chaval / la
muchacho/a
90
There will be a final exam.
Habrá un examen final.
(An action that is expected to happen. The use of the future instead of the present tense or the expression ir a + verb usually implies a more formal style.)
91
Thou shall not kill. Thou shall not steal.
No matarás. No robarás.
(A future action that includes an act of will or power, such as a personal resolution or telling someone what he or she will do. This is the equivalent to will / will not and the old-fashioned and formulaic shall / shall not.)
92
This semester I'll study every day.
Este semestre estudiaré todos los días.
(A future action that includes an act of will or power, such as a personal resolution or telling someone what he or she will do. This is the equivalent to will / will not and the old-fashioned and formulaic shall / shall not.)
93
It's already 9:00. I wonder where David is.
Son ya las 9:00. ¿Dónde estará David?
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
94
He must be almost here.
Estará a punto de llegar.
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
95
I wonder what the kids are doing.
¿Qué estarán haciendo los niños?
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
96
They are probably playing with the Wii.
Estarán jugando con la Wii.
(Probability about an action occurring in the present (I wonder …, Probably …). This use of the future tense is probably the most frequent one when speaking.)
97
I/You/He/She/We/Ya'll will have developed
El futuro perfecto
98
If we don't do anything to protect it, we will have destroyed the Amazon before this century ends.
Si no hacemos nada para protegerla, habremos destruido la Amazonia antes de que termine este siglo.
(the future perfect is used to refer to a future action that will be completed by a certain time.)
99
We are going to leave (We are leaving) at 8:00.
Vamos a salir a las 8:00.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
100
My sister arrives (is arriving) tomorrow.
Mi hermana llega mañana.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
101
I'll bring you the book on Monday.
El lunes te traigo el libro.
(Future actions are expressed by the present tense, both indicative and subjunctive, more often than with the future tense.
Present Indicative
Like in English, the present tense—including the present of ir a + infinitive—can be used to express future. (The future tense could also be used, although this is uncommon.)
102
I want you to come to see me.
Present Subjunctive
Quiero que vengas a verme.
(The action of coming will happen later.)
The present subjunctive often refers to actions that have not occurred yet. (It cannot be substituted by the future tense.)
102
Don't forget to call me when you arrive.
Present Subjunctive
No olvides llamarme cuando llegues.
(The action of arriving will happen later.)
The present subjunctive often refers to actions that have not occurred yet. (It cannot be substituted by the future tense.)
103
I will have a job related to the environment.
Tendré un trabajo relacionado con el medio ambiente.
104
Nobody will waste anything. Everyone will recycle.
Nadie desperdiciará nada. Todo el mundo reciclará.
105
Unless we protect green spaces, future generations will be left with a planet hostile to human life.
A menos que protejamos los espacios verdes, las generaciones futuras se quedarán con un planeta hostil a la vida humana.
106
Juan doesn't want to go because he is afraid.
Juan no quiere ir porque tiene miedo.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
107
It's important to recycle, given that the planet's resources are limited.
Es importante reciclar, puesto que los recursos del planeta son limitados.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
108
Because the population of the world is so large, we must learn to save resources.
Como la población mundial es tan grande, debemos aprender a ahorrar recursos.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the indicative: Explaining facts
These clauses explain facts and their causes, often translated as because or since in English. The most common conjunction of this kind is porque.
109
Rich countries must help the poor ones so that the latter can overcome their poverty.
Los países ricos deben ayudar a los pobres, a fin de que estos puedan salir de la pobreza.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
110
A little sun is not bad provided that you protect your skin well.
Un poco de sol no es malo, siempre y cuando te protejas bien la piel.
Adverbial conjunctions that require the subjunctive: Contingency, purpose, and actions that do not take place
All the conjunctions in this group imply that the action in its clause has not occurred, because they express contingencies (a menos que, con tal que) or purpose (para que, a fin de que), or because the action cannot happen or will not happen before the action in the main clause (antes de que, sin que).
111
Let's take care of our world so that the next generations can also live in it.
Cuidemos (nosotros) nuestro mundo para que las próximas generaciones también puedan vivir en él.
Same subject → preposition + infinitive
The infinitive is used after the preposition of a conjunction when the subject of the adverbial clause and the main clause coincide. Note that this only happens with conjunctions that include a preposition: a fin de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, sin. The word que is not used in this case.
112
Let's take care of our world to enjoy it(so that we can enjoy it) longer.
Cuidemos (nosotros) nuestro mundo para disfrutarlo (nosotros) por más tiempo.
Same subject → preposition + infinitive
The infinitive is used after the preposition of a conjunction when the subject of the adverbial clause and the main clause coincide. Note that this only happens with conjunctions that include a preposition: a fin de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, sin. The word que is not used in this case.
113
We must take care of the planet so our grandchildren can enjoy it too.
Debemos cuidar el planeta para que nuestros nietos también lo puedan disfrutar.
114
He calls me as soon as he gets home.
Me llama en cuanto llega a casa.
habitual action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
115
While there was food, the guests didn't leave.
Mientras hubo comida los invitados no se fueron.
past action → indicative
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
116
We must continue to fight until there are no more problems with the ozone layer.
Debemos seguir luchando hasta que no haya más problemas con la capa de ozono.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
117
He'll call me as soon as he gets home.
Me llamará en cuanto llegue a casa.
pending action → subjunctive
Conjunctions that take the indicative and subjunctive: When and how
The conjunctions in this group take the indicative or subjunctive depending on whether the action in their clauses has taken place (indicative), is an action that takes place habitually (indicative), or is a pending action that has not occurred yet (subjunctive). The subjunctive in this case expresses an action that will occur in the future.
118
We must continue fighting without any problems regarding the ozone layer.
Debemos seguir luchando sin que haya problemas con respecto a la capa de ozono.
119
Cultivation of transgenic corn
Cultivo de maíz transgénico
120
road, path
el camino
121
forefront
la frente
122
fountain
la fuente
123
landscape
el paisaje
124
being
el ser
125
wheat
el trigo
126
old person (polite)
anciano/a
127
to explode
estallar
128
to wrap (around)
envolver
