chapter 8

Question 1

_____ provide the most powerful means of studying behavior because they permit the greatest control

Answer 1

experiments

Question 2

_______ is defined by exclusion: research that is not experimental

Answer 2

nonexperimental research

Question 3

______ in an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant

Answer 3

manipulation

Question 4

_____ in an experiment, pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan

Answer 4

assignment

Question 5

______ is the record of behaviour

Answer 5

observation

Question 6

An ______ is a kind of investigation in which some variable is manipulated

Answer 6

experiment

Question 7

A researcher who is able to perform an experiment would set up the _______ (manipulate a variable) and assign _____ to them

Answer 7

conditions

variable

Question 8

the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of _____ in return for obtaining the data.

Answer 8

control

Question 9

_______ research is non-experimental research that asks questions regarding how people make meaning out of the world

Answer 9

quantitative

Question 10

_______ research is non-experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them

Answer 10

correlational

Question 11

_________ research is much less interested in the cause and effect of behaviour than is research based on experimentation

Answer 11

quantitative

Question 12

quantitative research is interested in how individuals _________ and _____________.

Answer 12

understand themselves

make meaning out of their lives.

Question 13

nonexperimental research is often called ________ because it seeks causes of behaviour by looking for correlations among variables.

Answer 13

correlational research

Question 14

All research is correlational to the extent that it seeks ____________ between ______.

Answer 14

functional relationships

variables

Question 15

true or false?

calculating correlations among variables makes the research correlational in the strict sense

Answer 15

false.

Question 16

what makes research correlational in the common usage is the inability to manipulate some variables __________.

Answer 16

independently

Question 17

nonexperimental research is often a first step in starting to answer theoretical questions by ______ methods.

Answer 17

empirical

Question 18

_________ is the study method in which the researcher observes and records ongoing behaviour but does not attempt to change it.

Answer 18

observational research

Question 19

________ is the study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypothesis

Answer 19

archival research

Question 20

A _________ is an exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis

Answer 20

case study

Question 21

_______ are typified by the varied nature of the methods used to study the problems and intensive description of a single individual or a single group of individuals.

Answer 21

case studies

Question 22

A _______ assesses the public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of a questionnaire and sampling methods

Answer 22

survey

Question 23

_______ is more difficult to determine in correlational research

Answer 23

causality

Question 24

_______ are the principles of interpretation of a text’s meaning

Answer 24

hermeneutics

Question 25

social scientists have adopted the term _______ to describe methodology that looks more at interpretation than causation

Answer 25

hermeneutics

Question 26

what are the two forms of observational research?

Answer 26

naturalistic observation | participant-observer research

Question 27

______ research involves recording ongoing behaviour without attempting to influence it

Answer 27

observational

Question 28

_______ refers to observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible

Answer 28

naturalistic observation

Question 29

__________ is another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in social sciences

Answer 29

unobtrusive research

Question 30

the term _______ simply refers to the effort that researchers make not to influence, or obtrude on, the behaviour being studied

Answer 30

unobtrusive

Question 31

_________ is another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, emphasizing that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied

Answer 31

nonreactive research

Question 32

A _____ refers to an unobtrusive measure of behaviour that uses physical evidence

Answer 32

physical trace

Question 33

observational research hus begun to play a more prominent role in psychology as more social scientists are becoming influenced by the methods and theories of __________

Answer 33

animal behaviorists

Question 34

_______ refers to a type of observation that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the field

Answer 34

laboratory observation

Question 35

what are the 3 fast-and-hard rules of Naturalistic observing?

Answer 35

1) careful record keeping 2) the use of a variety of types of measures 3) care for privacy of the participants

Question 36

________ refers to observational research in which the observer participates in a group to record behavior

Answer 36

participant-observer research

Question 37

________ and ________ are crucial in evaluating participant-observer studies because of the increased possibility of subjectivity in these situations

Answer 37

careful records and diaries

Question 38

when studying a small group that is separated from the population as a whole, when little is known about a group, or when the group's activities are not generally available to public view, __________ is the most useful research

Answer 38

participant-observation research

Question 39

the methodology of __________ must be open-ended, flexible, and opportunistic.

Answer 39

participant observation

Question 40

Participating in a group leads to problems of _______. The researcher must strike a balance between _________ and ________.

Answer 40

objectivity taking the viewpoint of the group members and maintaining scientific objectivity

Question 41

A person openly entering a fundamentalist church for the purpose of research and is welcomed as a potential convert is an example of ______________.

Answer 41

undisguised participant observation

Question 42

a problem in observation research is that by entering a group, the observer ___________.

Answer 42

changes it to some extent

Question 43

another problem in observational research is the ethical question of __________.

Answer 43

invasion of privacy

Question 44

________ refers to factual information in existing records

Answer 44

archival data

Question 45

the term ________ refers to research conducted using data that the research had no part in collecting

Answer 45

archival research

Question 46

a limitation to archival research is that archival data are _____________.

Answer 46

collected for non-specific reasons

Question 47

because case studies often include the use of observation and archival methodologies, the distinctions among them are __________.

Answer 47

not always clear

Question 48

the principal characteristic of ___________ is that they examine individual instances or cases of some phenomenon

Answer 48

case studies

Question 49

A _______ is a viewpoint expressed by telling and listening to stories that communicate meaning

Answer 49

narrative case study

Question 50

observational researchers use one of two techniques: either 1) _______________ or 2) ___________________

Answer 50

1) a mathematical approach toward combating threats to internal validity 2) a more flexible, inductive process of developing and testing hypotheses

Question 51

_________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word, phrase, or action.

Answer 51

manifest content

Question 52

________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as measured by the appearance of themes interpreted by the researcher.

Answer 52

latent content

Question 53

_____ content runs the risk of being less reliable than _______ content analysis.

Answer 53

latent manifest

Question 54

A ______ is a list of all the steps that a subject goes through in a study

Answer 54

protocol

Question 55

A _______ is a tentative, small-scale study done to pretest and modify study design and procedures

Answer 55

pilot study

Question 56

in ________ research: no attempt is made to manipulate an independent variable, and some degree of control often must be forfeited during the data collection procedure.

Answer 56

nonexperimental

Question 57

__________ research methods include observational, archival, case study, and survey.

Answer 57

nonexperimental

Question 58

__________ research involves recording a subject's behavior without attempting to influence it.

Answer 58

observational

Question 59

The _______ approach to understanding behavior attempts to discover reasons for behavior, rather than causes. it is based on techniques of textual interpretation.

Answer 59

hermeneutic

Question 60

_______ research is a kind of naturalistic observation that uses physical evidence of behavior

Answer 60

physical trace

Question 61

________ poses an an ethical problem in participant-observer research. A practical problem is the likelihood that the researcher may influence the group as well as observe it.

Answer 61

invasion of privacy

Question 62

if the researcher cannot assign subjects to groups but must only observe how students in two already existing classes at a college learn according to the same two methods, we do not have a true experimental study. T or F?

Answer 62

True

Question 63

what are the characteristics of of nonexperimental research?

Answer 63

2) the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of control in return for obtaining the data 3) quantitative research

Question 64

quantitative research is less concerned with the ________, and more interested in _____________.

Answer 64

the cause and effect of behaviour, how individuals understand themselves and make meaning out of their lives.

Question 65

nonexperimental research is often called ___________ because it seeks causes of behavior by looking for correlations among variables

Answer 65

correlational research

Question 66

why is the term "correlational research" often misleading?

Answer 66

because all research is correlational to the extent that it seeks functional relationships between variables

Question 67

what makes research correlational?

Answer 67

the inability to manipulate some variables independently

Question 68

the term nonreactive emphasizes that the subjects are _______ (aware/unaware) that they are being studied therefore ______ (do/do not) react to the presence of the observer

Answer 68

unaware | do not