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Environmental Science > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Post-Industrial Stage?

A

Birth rates and death rates are low and stable

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2
Q

What is the Pre-Industrial Stage?

A

in pre-industrial societies, both birth and death rates are high

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3
Q

What is agriculture?

A

The practice of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption

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4
Q

What is Cropland?

A

Land used to raise crops ///

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5
Q

What is agriculture responsible for?

A

Providing our most daily basic needs
-from clothes to food
& biggest impact on environment…

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6
Q

What resources do we need to grow crops?

A

Soil, sunlight, water, nutrients, and pollinators

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7
Q

How much land is used to produce food & fiber?

A

1 out of every 3 acres on Earth

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8
Q

How much land is used to produce food & fiber?

A

1 out of every 3 acres on Earth

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9
Q

What is soil?

A

clay, sand, & slit

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10
Q

Population growth per year

A

7 million

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11
Q

How long did it take for the population to reach 1 billion?

A

1800

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12
Q

How long did it take to reach 2 billion

A

1930,

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13
Q

What is our most recent billion population

A

12 billion

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14
Q

What is the current world growth rate? and how long would it take for the population to double

A

1.2% , It would take 58.3 years

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15
Q

Population

A

number of people

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16
Q

Growth Rate

A

% change of population

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17
Q

Mao Zedong

A

Leader of China

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18
Q

What is population of china in 1949?

A

540 Million

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19
Q

Population of China in 1960

A

Grown to 790 million

- people had access to contraception and encouraged to have fewer children

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20
Q

China’s One Child Policy

A

Started in 1979

  • families with one child were rewarded with better jobs, housing, access to educational access
  • families with more children were fined, discriminated against in employment, were scorned
  • unstable ration of young to old
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21
Q

When did the Chinese gov. abolish one child rule?

A

2018

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22
Q

Increase in birth rates after Chinese gov abolished rule

A
  1. 9 million

- actual number of births was 15.2, lowest since 1961

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23
Q

Age structure

Study These Flashcards
A

describes the relative numbers in each age class within a population

24
Q

Wide base in age structure

25
narrow base in age structure
fewer young than old
26
New population policy in China
The government worried that with fewer children being born, there would not be enough people to support the older generations as they age
27
Populations continue to rise in most countries, particularly in
poverty-stricken and developing nations
28
What has increased growth
Better technology, sanitation, medication/medical advancement, and increased food supply
29
Infant mortality rate
the death rate in children; has dropped dramatically
30
Population growth is good in developing nations bc
it supports the elderly & has a larger labor pool
31
Neo-Malthusians
population growth will increase faster than food production; cause famine and conflict
32
Cornucopians
argue that we will continue to find new resources and technology to support people
33
Paul Ehrlich
Wrote Population Bomb, said civilization would end by end of 20th century
34
Growth is correlated with poverty, not wealth
- Strong, rich nations have low growth rates | - Weak, poor nations have high growth rates
35
IPAT model
I = P × A × T × S Total impact (I) on the environment results from: Population (P) = individuals need space and resources Affluence (A) = greater per capita resource use Technology (T) = increased exploitation of resources, but also pollution controls and renewable energy Sensitivity (S) = how sensitive an area is to human pressure (e.g., arid land vs. rainforest)
36
Demography
the application of population ecology to the study of change in human populations
37
Increased density
impacts the environment
38
The increased gap between birth and death rates
resulted in population expansion
39
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children born to each female
40
Replacement fertility
the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable (about 2.1)
41
Life expectancy
average number of years that an individual is likely to continue to live
42
Demographic transition
a model of economic and cultural change
43
Transitional stage
declining death rates due to increased food production and medical care
44
Industrial stage
birth rates fall as jobs provide opportunities for women outside the home and children are not needed in the workforce
45
Four stages of growth rate/time
Pre-Industrial Transitional Industrial Post-Industrial
46
The transition could fail in cultures that
- Place greater value on childbirth | - Grant women fewer freedoms
47
reproductive window
time frame where a woman can become pregnant
48
Affluent societies have enormous resource consumption and waste production
People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own Ecological footprints are huge
49
People in affluent societies have larger ecological footprints
One American has as much environmental impact as 3.8 Chinese or 8 Indians or 14 Afghans
50
Current human population is
above 7.7 billion people
51
Declining population growth rates in developing countries can be partially attributed to
The education of women
52
If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to
1.4%
53
At what stage is the U.S. in the demographic transition model?
the postindustrial stage
54
The term demographic transition refers to
the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops
55
Which of the following factors drives TFR down?
social and economic security

Environmental Science (8 decks)

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