Chapter 8 9

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

DNA is a single, circular chromosome attached to the membrane
parent cell divides in half
offspring are genetic replicas of the parent cell because all chromosomes come from a single parent.

Question 2

sexual

Answer 2

requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm

Question 3

somatic

Answer 3

any cell except the egg and sperm cell

cells are produced by mitosis for growth and maintenance

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

egg and sperm cells

produced by meiosis

Question 5

histones

Answer 5

proteins

Question 6

nucleosomes

Answer 6

eukaryotic DNA wrapped around histones

Question 7

telomeres

Answer 7

end tips of DNA

Question 8

interphase

Answer 8

cell growth and preparation to divide

Question 9

G1 (gap 1)

Answer 9

cell growth and maintenance
takes 12 hours
neurons and heart cells spend most of their time here

Question 10

G1 (gap 1)

Answer 10

cell growth and maintenance
takes 12 hours
neurons and heart cells spend most of their time here

Question 11

synthesis (S)

Answer 11

every chromosome is copied by replication
before replication chromosomes are long and linear
takes about 6 hours

Question 12

DNA polymerase

Answer 12

adds complementary nucleotides to each template
proofreads
corrects mistakes

Question 13

G2 (gap 2)

Answer 13

growth continues preparation for division
shorter than G1
takes 6 hours

Question 14

mitotic phase

Answer 14

cell division: nucleus of parent cell duplicates followed by the cytoplasm and plasma membrane

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

separation and duplication of organelles,cytoplasm, cell membrane
takes 30 minutes including the other parts of the mitotic phase
cell splits in two

Question 16

Apoptosis

Answer 16

programmed cell death

Question 17

prophase

Answer 17

preparation

nuclear membrane breaks down, sister chromatids condense, spindle fibers form

Question 18

metaphase

Answer 18

middle

sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

Question 19

anaphase

Answer 19

apart

sister chromatid pairs are pulled apart by spindle fibers

Question 20

telophase

Answer 20

two nuclei

chromosomes uncoil as nuclear membrane is reassembled

Question 21

cancer cells

Answer 21

unrestrained cell growth and division caused by disruption on DNA to regulate division
second cause of death

Question 22

how does cancer cause cell death?

Answer 22

pressure on neighboring cells and disruption of vital processes

Question 23

benign

Answer 23

cell mass that does not spread

Question 24

malignant

Answer 24

cells spread through circulatory system

Question 25

cancer cell treatmen

Answer 25

surgical removement or kill/slow down cell division

Question 26

cancer cell treatmen

Answer 26

surgical removement or kill/slow down cell division

Question 27

side effects of cencer

Answer 27

``` reduced red blood cells shortness of breath and fatigue reduced platelets and white blood cells increased bruising and infection hair loss ```

Question 28

diploid cells

Answer 28

have two copies of each chromosome

Question 29

haploid

Answer 29

only one copy of each chromosome

Question 30

benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 30

genetic variation through: - crossing over - random re-assortment of homologues - alleles come from two parents - random fertilization

Question 31

down syndrome

Answer 31

syndrome caused by non-disjunction of chromosome 21`

Question 32

abnormal number of sex chromosomes

Answer 32

Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome "Super Males" "Meta Females"

Question 33

Heredity

Answer 33

refers to the greater resemblance of offspring to parents than to others in the population as a consequence of passing over of traits from parents to offspring through their genes

Question 34

genetics

Answer 34

the study of the mechanisms of heredity

Question 35

single-gene traits or Mendelian inheritance

Answer 35

traits carried in one gene

Question 36

Law of Segregation

Answer 36

during the formation of gametes, the 2 alleles for a gene separate from each other during meiosis

Question 37

homozygous

Answer 37

same 2 alleles for a gene

Question 38

heterozygous

Answer 38

different alleles for a gene

Question 39

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 39

homologous chromosomes separate independently from each other during meiotic division

Question 40

dihybrid cross

Answer 40

parental variteties based on 2 characteristics or traits, rather than one

Question 41

human disorders controlled by a single gene

Answer 41

autosomal genetic disorders | x linked genetic disorders

Question 42

autosomal genetic disorders

Answer 42

Tay-Sachs disease | Huntington's disease

Question 43

x linked genetic disorders

Answer 43

red green colorblindness | hypertrichosis

Question 44

pedigrees

Answer 44

tools used by geneticists to decipher and predict the inheritance patterns of genes

Question 45

incomplete dominance

Answer 45

heterozygous looks intermediate between 2 homozygous

Question 46

codominance

Answer 46

heterozygous shows both traits

Question 47

multiple allelism

Answer 47

a single gene has more than two alleles

Question 48

polygenic inheritance

Answer 48

one trait influenced by many genes

Question 49

pleiotropy

Answer 49

one gene influences many traits

Question 50

sex-linked traits

Answer 50

gene responsible for producing proteins that distinguish red and green wavelength in the sex chromosome

Question 51

enviornmeental effects

Answer 51

genes interact with the environment to produce physical characteristic and thus environment variation influences the expression of genes

Question 52

amniocentesis

Answer 52

test of amniotic acid fluid using a needle and ultrasound

Question 53

chorionic villus sampling

Answer 53

transcervical or transabdominal sampling of vili