Chapter 8

Question 1

If changes in identity occur throughout the life cycle, why have researchers who are interested in identity development paid so much attention to adolescence?

Answer 1

1. the changes in identity that take place during adolescence involve the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the individual’s sense of self at a time when he or she has the intellectual capability to appreciate fully just how significant the changes are
2. fundamental biological, cognitive, and social changes characteristic of the period.

Question 2

Brain-imaging studies find that patterns of brain activity during tasks in which individuals are asked to think about themselves differ significantly between adolescents and adults how

Answer 2

there is evidence that adolescents exert more conscious, deliberate effort when asked to think about themselves than adults do, who seem to do this more effortlessly

Question 3

adolescence is a time of important decisions about school, work, relationships, and the future. Facing these decisions about their place in society does more than provoke adolescents to ask questions about who they are and where they are headed—it … asking them.

Answer 3

necessitates

Question 4

Identity development is better understood as one single development

Answer 4

f Identity development is better understood as a series of interrelated developments—rather than one single development

Question 5

Neuroimaging studies show that adolescents’ self-conceptions may be particularly sensitive to the …

Answer 5

opinions of others

Question 6

Self-conceptions continue to become more psychological well into the high school years, although this may be more characteristic of adolescents growing up in cultures like the United States, why

Answer 6

where teenagers tend to focus on their feelings and social life

Question 7

The proportion of adolescents who give opposite traits in self-descriptions, who feel conflicts over such discrepancies, and who feel confused over such discrepancies increases markedly between … grades and then declines somewhat

Answer 7

seventh and ninth

Question 8

delinquent adolescents might dread becoming criminals, for instance, they may not have a positive ideal self why is this a problem

Answer 8

don’t balance the fear with optimism

Question 9

who inmost likely to least likely to get adol false self behaviour parents friends dates

Answer 9

dates and classmates = most
parents
friends

Question 10

some adolescents engage in false-self behavior because they have low self-esteem but not the other way around

Answer 10

f , and whereas others experience a drop in self-esteem because they knowingly put on a false front.

Question 11

..3 are more likely to engage in false-self behavior

Answer 11

adolescents who report less emotional support from parents and peers, who have low self-esteem, and who are relatively less satisfied with life

Question 12

As self-conceptions become more …2, they become more interested in understanding their own personalities and motivations

Answer 12

abstract, and as young people become more able to see themselves in psychological terms

Question 13

delinquent adolescents are more likely than their peers to score high in … and low in … (5 factor)

Answer 13

extraversion and low in agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 14

adolescents who are high achievers in school score high in …2

Answer 14

conscientiousness and openness

Question 15

There is a temporary drop in … during early adolescence, “which appears to be the lifetime peak of meanness, laziness, and closed-mindedness”

Answer 15

maturity

Question 16

during adol to young adulthood as they mature, they become more …4

Answer 16

conscientious, more agreeable, more resilient, and more emotionally stable

Question 17

by the end of adolescence, there are few gender differences in maturity

Answer 17

t but females mature faster

Question 18

The rate of change in personality begins to slow during the …

Answer 18

early 20s

Question 19

adolescence is a time of “rebirth,”

Answer 19

f research does not show that adolescence is a time of tumultuous upheaval in personality.

Question 20

he “storm and stress” of adolescence creates problems in self-esteem

Answer 20

f there isn’t a dramatic drop in self-esteem at`
this age, adolescents’ feelings about themselves fluctuate from day to day, particularly during the early adolescent years

Question 21

excessively high self-esteem characteristic of today’s teenagers

Answer 21

f

Question 22

Asking whether self-esteem changes during adolescence (whether people’s view of themselves becomes more positive or negative) is not the same as asking whether self-esteem is stable during this period why

Answer 22

stability is whether individuals with high self-esteem as children are likely to have high self-esteem as adolescents

Question 23

children are usually in a more positive mood than young adolescents, who are generally in a better mood than older adolescents

Answer 23

t but levels off at age 16

Question 24

Teenagers who experience frequent fluctuations in mood also report higher levels of ..2.

Answer 24

anxiety and depression

Question 25

Fluctuations in adolescents’ self-image are most likely to occur between the ages of …

Answer 25

12 and 14

Question 26

12 and 14 why more fluctuations

Answer 26

This is a time of major changes in brain systems that regulate how we think about ourselves and others

Question 27

the differences between preadolescents and early or middle adolescents are smaller than those between younger and older adolescents

Answer 27

f which indicates that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur during the transition into adolescence, rather than over the course of adolescence itself

Question 28

Does it seem to you that early and middle adolescents are a little obsessed with taking “selfies”?

Answer 28

t

Question 29

The extent to which an individual’s self-esteem is volatile is itself a stable trait what does this mean

Answer 29

those who fluctuate a lot early on will do the same thing later

Question 30

Young adolescents with the most volatile self-image report the highest levels of …3

Answer 30

anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems `

Question 31

which adol have more stable and high SE and life satisfaction

Answer 31

adolescents with better family and peer relationships are more likely than their peers to maintain positive self-esteem or develop enhanced self-esteem over time

Question 32

the brains of adolescents with relatively higher self-esteem differ how

Answer 32

tend to have stronger connections between areas of the brain that regulate how we think about ourselves and areas that control feelings of reward

Question 33

which SE matters most

Answer 33

global

Question 34

Do some aspects of self-esteem contribute more to an adolescent’s overall self-image than others?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

which SE most important

Answer 35

physical than social

Question 36

adol admit physical appearance most important to SE

Answer 36

f adolescents are often unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance

Question 37

why girls are more likely than boys to experience self-image difficulties and depression.?

Answer 37

Physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than boys

Question 38

Early adolescent girls’ self-esteem is lower, their degree of self-consciousness is higher, and their self-image is shakier than is the case for boys.

Answer 38

t

Question 39

who attend single-sex schools have lower self-esteem than those who go to coeducational ones

Answer 39

f higher

Question 40

although sex differences in adolescent self-esteem, favoring males, are found all over the world, the gap is wider in wealthy, developed nations than in poor, developing ones, perhaps because …

Answer 40

more affluent societies place a greater emphasis on physical appearance

Question 41

adolescents’ life satisfaction is higher—among both boys and girls—in countries that have higher levels of gender equity

Answer 41

t

Question 42

Asian American adolescents have particularly low self-esteem relative to their peers why?

Answer 42

, a finding that some researchers have attributed to higher rates of peer rejection

Question 43

does approval of significant others or society matter more

Answer 43

the approval of significant others is an especially powerful influence on adolescents’ self-esteem—much more so than the opinion of the broader society

Question 44

Ethnic differences in self-esteem, favoring Black adolescents, have increased over the past 25 years and are greater during adolescence than childhood why

Answer 44

(perhaps because ethnic identity has become a more relevant issue in society)
perhaps because ethnic identity is a more salient issue during adolescence than before

Question 45

is desegregation good in schools

Answer 45

Adolescents who attend schools in which they are in the ethnic minority may suffer greater self-esteem problems than their peers who attend schools in which they are in the majority
may have a positive impact on minority adolescents’ academic achievement,

Question 46

One explanation for the increase in problem behavior that takes place over the course of adolescence is that …

Answer 46

adolescents tend to look relatively more to their peers for social support as they get older

Question 47

High self-esteem during adolescence does enhance adolescents’ well-being, however, whereas low self-esteem may lead to mental health problems, both in the short run and well into adulthood- why not more interventions for SE then

Answer 47

this may be due to the fact that many of the same factors that contribute to high self-esteem in adolescence (such as achievement) are themselves stable over time and correlated with self-esteem at later ages

Question 48

the course of identity development varies over different historical eras, in different cultures, and among different subcultures within the same society why

Answer 48

If the adolescent’s identity is forged out of a recognition on the part of society, society will play an important role in determining which sorts of identities are possible alternatives. And of those identities that are genuine options, society will influence which are desirable and which aren’t.

Question 49

The more alternatives available to the young person and the more arenas in which decisions must be made, the less difficult establishing a sense of identity will be

Answer 49

f more

Question 50

does Erickson think adol should experiment dif identities ?

Answer 50

According to theorists such as Erik Erikson, having the time and freedom to experiment with different roles is an important prelude to establishing a coherent sense of identity

Question 51

The likelihood of going through a prolonged and difficult identity crisis is probably greater today, and more prevalent around the world, than it has ever been. why

Answer 51

so much choice across domains e.g. career and family

Question 52

parents should be worried if their teens go through many identity phases

Answer 52

f normal experimentation

Question 53

Without a …, a full and thorough exploration of the options and available alternatives cannot occur, and identity development will be impeded

Answer 53

moratorium

Question 54

Do youngsters who cannot afford a psychosocial moratorium fail to resolve the identity crisis?

Answer 54

f Erickson would say The price these youngsters pay is not the failure to develop a sense of identity but lost potential

Question 55

Is establishing a sense of identity something that is conscious?

Answer 55

According to Erikson, it is. It is experienced as a sense of well-being, a feeling of “being at home in one’s body,”

Question 56

Establishing a coherent sense of identity takes a long time

Answer 56

t into young adulthood

Question 57

how many identity crisis do each youth go through

Answer 57

a series of crises that may concern different aspects of the young person’s identity and that may surface—and resurface—at different points in time throughout the adolescent and young-adult years.

Question 58

…” is the right word, because research shows that individuals move from …, and not necessarily in an orderly fashion

Answer 58

“state

Question 59

do different personality constellations led to different patterns of identity development or, alternatively, whether different patterns of identity development influenced subsequent personality.

Answer 59

unclear but the former explanation (that personality affects identity development) seems more likely than the latter

Question 60

does seem that becoming an adult, at least in industrialized society, is as much a .. transition as it is one defined by entering the formal roles of adulthood, such as beginning a career or setting up one’s own household

Answer 60

psychological

Question 61

being unsure if you’ve reached adulthood is good because you accept uncertainty

Answer 61

f less likely to achieve sense of identity bcs
Being “in charge” of one’s life may be especially important in contemporary industrialized society, where the transition to adulthood is prolonged and individuals are faced with a tremendous number of identity-related decisions

Question 62

Most research indicates that the chief period for identity development is in .., when many individuals are enrolled in college

Answer 62

late adolescence

Question 63

What sorts of parenting practices are associated with different identity states?

Answer 63

authoritative

Question 64

the absence of parental warmth is associated with problems in …—the most extreme case being identity diffusion—whereas the absence of parental encouragement of individuality is associated with …

Answer 64

making commitments

difficulties in exploration

Question 65

a coherent sense of identity generally is not established before age …, let alone earlier in adolescence, as originally theorized

Answer 65

18 especially for boys

Question 66

the proportion of individuals who are in a state of identity achievement before late adolescence is low

Answer 66

t
Although self-examination may take place throughout adolescence, the consolidation of a coherent sense of identity does not begin until very late in the period

Question 67

differences in identity status are most frequently observed between groups in the …-year-old range.

Answer 67

18- to 21

Question 68

training individuals to think more about how specific life events had played a role in their development helps idneittiy devel

Answer 68

f

Question 69

foreclosure may be a temporary stage rather than a permanent one

Answer 69

t individuals who looked like they had foreclosed the identity development process were in the midst of an identity crisis 4 years later

Question 70

… of the adolescents who were classified as identity achieved at the first assessment were not classified this way 4 years later.

Answer 70

half

Question 71

How could some individuals who at one point had apparently resolved their identity crisis actually not have resolved it—at least, not in any final sense?

Answer 71

The achievement of a sense of identity in adolescence is not a final state, but a step on a long route toward the establishment of a mature sense of self.

Question 72

does post sec lead to identity devel

Answer 72

identity achieved increases from around 20% during freshman year to as many as 40% by senior year but could be maturation or other factors that brought them to college

Question 73

when is ethnic identity integrated

Answer 73

late adol

Question 74

many White adolescents, especially those from more …, identify strongly with a particular ethnic group (such as German, Irish, Italian) and derive part of their overall sense of self from this identification

Answer 74

working-class backgrounds

Question 75

White adolescents are less likely than Black, Latino, or Asian adolescents to explore their ethnic identity or feel a strong commitment to it

Answer 75

t

Question 76

Among immigrant adolescents, there is considerable vacillation between identifying oneself as a member of .. or ,…
as well as variability in definitions of how best to maintain an identity that merges being a member of one’s ethnic group and being a member of the country into which the family has immigrated

Answer 76

a broad ethnic category (e.g., Latino, Asian) and identifying oneself as a member of a group defined by one’s country of origin (e.g., Mexican, Chinese)

Question 77

Germany and other European or Middle Eastern countries) who labeled themselves as German or partly German (e.g., Turkish-German) were more likely to be chosen as friends by German-born youth does this happen in America

Answer 77

unsure

Question 78

exploration … can also lead to distress, perhaps because at an early age it is harder to make sense of everything one discovers

Answer 78

very early in adolescence

Question 79

Frequent contact with peers from the same ethnic group leads adolescents to develop stronger positive feelings about their ethnicity although this benefit is more likely to occur among adolescents who attend schools where …

Answer 79

they are part of a small ethnic minority

Question 80

cons and pros of school with only one ethnic group

Answer 80

more ethnic pride less orientation toward mainstream culture= biculturalism

Question 81

should adol be aware of racism

Answer 81

fine line awareness of racism is associated with better achievement, but mistrust is associated with doing more poorly in school

Question 82

American adolescents of Iranian descent revealed that many of these teenagers identified themselves as Persian, rather than Iranian, because…

Answer 82

of the negative portrayals of Iranian individuals in the media

Question 83

The experience of feeling discriminated against adversely affects adolescents’ mental health when discriminated against what

Answer 83

regardless of what they attribute the discrimination to

Question 84

One recent study of Black youth found that the combination of experiencing discrimination and growing up in a less supportive family environment actually affected adolescents’ ..

Answer 84

.DNA and inflammatory responses in a way that is associated with faster aging

Question 85

Growing up in a … neighborhood especially intensifies feelings of discrimination, which increases adolescents’ involvement in violence

Answer 85

racially isolated, poor

Question 86

Individuals vary both in the extent to which they feel discriminated against and in the extent to which they are adversely affected by it, and it appears that … is an important factor

Answer 86

ethnic identity

Question 87

Generally speaking, during adolescence ,… increases and … tends to remain stable, but changes in public regard differ among adolescents from different backgrounds

Answer 87

racial centrality

private regard

Question 88

Having a strong ethnic identity appears to protect against this when the discrimination comes from .., but when the discrimination comes from …, whose opinions about race and ethnicity are especially salient during adolescenceeven those with a strong ethnic identity come to believe that their ethnic group is viewed negatively

Answer 88

adults

peers

Question 89

sensitive to racial cues, which, in turn, may heighten their experience of discrimination; this process may be accentuated in families where parents engage in relatively more ..

Answer 89

ethnic socialization

Question 90

the impact of having race as a central part of one’s identity (which is not the same thing as having high private regard for one’s ethnic group) is complicated: It makes adolescents …, but some studies show that it makes them more …

Answer 90

more sensitive to discrimination (which hurts their mental health)

able to cope with it (which helps)

Question 91

how does positive public racial regard hurt and help

Answer 91

Believing that the public has high regard for one’s ethnic group lifts adolescents’ school performance, but believing that the public has a positive view of one’s race also intensifies the effects of discrimination

Question 92

…% of all infants with a Black parent were born to one Black parent and one White parent, and …% of all infants with an Asian parent were born to one Asian parent and one White parent

Answer 92

17

34

Question 93

there is not a strong connection between sexual orientation and sex-role behavior or gender identity

Answer 93

t

Question 94

homosexual individuals are confused about their identity

Answer 94

f individuals with homosexual or bisexual preferences are generally not confused about their gender identity—or, at least, they are no more confused than are individuals with heterosexual preferences.

Question 95

common steps to devel of LGBT recognition

Answer 95

engaging in gender-atypical behavior, being attracted to members of the same sex and uninterested in those of the other sex, realizing one’s sexual attraction to others of the same sex, and consciously questioning one’s sexual orientation

Question 96

Resolving concerns about identity, intimacy, and sexuality present formidable challenges for many teenagers. But these challenges may be exacerbated for sexual-minority adolescents, who are forced to deal with these issues without ..

Answer 96

.the same degree of social support as their heterosexual peers

Question 97

transgender individuals report the same variety of sexual orientations as do other individuals.

Answer 97

t

Question 98

One recent report estimates that about 1 in… American adults are transsexual women (individuals who identify themselves as women but who were labeled as male at birth) and 1 in … are transsexual men (individuals who identify themselves as men but who were labeled as female at birth)

Answer 98

100,000

400,000

Question 99

… of transgender teenagers reported suicidal ideation, a rate that is twice as high as that of their peers

Answer 99

one-third

Question 100

Many experts believe that we should view gender identity, sexual orientation, and gender-role behavior as … rather than ..

Answer 100

.fluid rather than fixed, and as points along continua rather than absolute categories

Question 101

differences…groups of males or females are far more substantial than differences between them.

Answer 101

within

Question 102

dif in male and female abilities

Answer 102

physical strength 
girls more people oriented boys things oriented
dif expressions of agression 
intimacy  
females more prone to low SE and dep

Question 103

how do males and females differ in intimacy

Answer 103

females are more likely to express intimacy verbally, whereas males express it mainly through shared activities

Question 104

Adolescents are more intolerant about variations in sexual orientation than about about peers behaving in gender-atypical ways than they are

Answer 104

f other way around

Question 105

The higher rates of mental health problems reported by gay and lesbian teenagers may be due to …

Answer 105

the higher likelihood of gender-role nonconformity found among sexual-minority youth gender conforming gays less victimized

Question 106

although people tend to become more traditional in their attitudes about gender roles between early and middle adolescence, this pattern is not universal.

Answer 106

t

Question 107

Do more feminine girls and more masculine boys feel better about themselves? how does it differ for boys or girls

Answer 107

Although boys and girls who behave in gender-typical ways are more accepted than their peers whose behavior does not conform with gender-role stereotypes and feel better about themselves as a result of this the costs of being gender-atypical are greater for boys than girls

Question 108

Girls who believe that women’s worth comes primarily from their sexual appeal aren’t any less intelligent

Answer 108

f earn lower grades and score worse on achievement tests than their peers.

Question 109

girls who have highly sexualized Facebook photos are judged by other girls to be less competent—and less physically and socially attractive—than girls whose profiles are not as explicitly sexy

Answer 109

t

Question 110

why is it that boys suffer greater self-image problems when they deviate from what is viewed as appropriate behavior for their sex?

Answer 110

although girls may be pressured to adopt (or maintain) certain feminine traits during adolescence, they are not necessarily pressured to relinquish all elements of masculinity.
more pressure to act stereotypically

Question 111

In other words, girls can be highly pressured during adolescence to behave in feminine ways but

Answer 111

without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some masculine traits

Question 112

boys gender-role socialization intensifies during adolescence compared to girls

Answer 112

f Their gender-role socialization does not intensify during adolescence as much as it does for girls because it is so intense to begin with.

Question 113

3 reasons identity is an adol issue

Answer 113

cognitive changes
puberty
social changes

Question 114

3 approaches to understand identity development

Answer 114

changes in
self conception
self esteem
sense of identity

Question 115

why puberty influence identity

Answer 115

changes outside force them to question changes on inside

Question 116

cognitive changes of adol impact on identity?

Answer 116

being able to think about multiple selves: possible selves (future selves)
LT consequence= future orientation

Question 117

social changes of adol impact on identity?

Answer 117

opens up choices and decisions to them

Question 118

what is self conception

Answer 118

the way the individual thinks about and characterizes themselves= personal traits and attributes

Question 119

what are the changes during adol in self conceptions

Answer 119

content and structure of self conceptions = more abstract (personality rather than concrete attributes)
differentiated (expressed in dif ways in dif situations) and organized (logical coherent whole)

Question 120

3 ways adol organize self concept

Answer 120

actual self
ideal self
feared self

Question 121

changes in self conceptions: how does this influence authentic self

Answer 121

differentiated between authentic vs false self

Question 122

T: acting in a way no one knows is fake

Answer 122

false self

Question 123

when do we see false selves most often and least often

Answer 123

dating situations

least likely around friends (used to please others or they devalue true self)

Question 124

how do we study personality in adol

Answer 124

five factor model (successfully extended to adol even though desired for adults)

Question 125

delinquent adol score high and low on what

Answer 125

high extro

Low C and A

Question 126

what causes big 5 traits in adol

Answer 126

combo of enviro and genetic factors

Question 127

big 5 are stable across development

Answer 127

t due to temperament

but is some change

Question 128

what change in big 5 over devel

Answer 128

less extroverted more C A and resilient and emotionally stable

Question 129

how stable are the big 5 across development

Answer 129

stable

Question 130

what causes big 5

Answer 130

Influenced by combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 131

developmental changes in SE

Answer 131

not a dramatic drop in SE but tend to Daily fluctuations especially during early adol

Question 132

from age 14 (middle adol- early adulthood) onwards SE…

Answer 132

stabilizes

Question 133

why stability of SE in middle adol

Answer 133

feelings about self consolidated, less fluctuation in response to situations

Question 134

Problems in self-image may appear briefly in …

Answer 134

early adolescence

Question 135

brief issues of self image in early adol ? 3 parts of self image

Answer 135

Self-esteem
Self-consciousness
Self-image stability

Question 136

T: how negatively or positively they feel about themselves

Answer 136

SE

Question 137

T: how much they worry about self image

Answer 137

self consciousness

Question 138

T: how much they feel their self image changes

Answer 138

self image stability

Question 139

n Self-esteem

n Self-consciousness n Self-image stability how are these in early adol

Answer 139

low SE high SC and shakiest stability

Question 140

Fluctuations in self-image during early adolescence probably

due to several factors: 3

Answer 140

n Egocentrism (imaginary audience, personal fable)
n More socially active
n More emphasis on peers’ opinions of them.

Question 141

Components of Self-Esteem: how variable ?

Answer 141

very! e.g. high school SE low attractiveness SE

Question 142

which components of SE most predictive of overall SE

Answer 142

physical self-esteem, self-esteem about relationships

Some dimensions of self-esteem contribute more to an adolescent’s overall self-esteem than others

Question 143

group differences in SE?

Answer 143

sex, ethnic differences

Question 144

gender differ in SE?

Answer 144

girls lower on average and physical SE more predictive of overall SE

Question 145

ethnic differences in SE

Answer 145

African American higher SE while higher than hispanic and asian
if minority in school greatest SE problems (differ from norm)

Question 146

antecedents of high self esteem

Answer 146

success in school, social approval, social support

Question 147

antecedents of low self esteem

Answer 147

peer approval

Question 148

what else comes with peer approval SE

Answer 148

risk of emotional and behavioural problems and poorer school achievement

Question 149

having a high SE means you will succeed in academics

Answer 149

f doesn’t work in reverse

Question 150

how does Erik eriksons think we develop a sense of identity

Answer 150

individuals move through 8 psychosocial changes or crisis (things they have to overcome) each building on previous one. Adol have to solve identity vs identity diffusion crisis. reflect on place in society and how they are viewed by others

Question 151

Erik: how to resolve identity crisis

Answer 151

depends on how they interact with other people, responding to reactions others have of them choose which become apart of identity. Mutual recognition of self between individual and society

Question 152

Erik: how to resolve identity crisis

Answer 152

depends on how they interact with other people, responding to reactions others have of them choose which become apart of identity. Mutual recognition of self between individual and society

Question 153

The Social Context of Identity Development how does culture influence

Answer 153

differs over historical periods, geography and even subcultures within societies
(Course of identity development varies by culture and historical era.)

Question 154

why is period of identity crisis longer today than in history

Answer 154

The more available alternatives, the more difficult it is to establish a sense of identity.

Question 155

Because of these complications, adolescents may need a period of time to figure out identity before entering adult roles= exploration :T

Answer 155

Psychosocial moratorium

Question 156

how does Erickson think adol should be spent to help identity devel

Answer 156

exploring, commitment and responsibilities can hamper development

Question 157

what is the Psychosocial moratorium

Answer 157

“Time out” from excessive responsibilities and obligations.

Question 158

what is done during Psychosocial moratorium

Answer 158

Experiment with different roles and pick and choose which fits

Question 159

Psychosocial moratorium seen crossculturally?

Answer 159

Luxury of the affluent if introspection interferes with survival.
identity is tied to survival= work to survive for some

Question 160

3 common problems in identity development as defined by Erikson

Answer 160

n Identity diffusion

n Identity foreclosure n Negative identity

Question 161

T: an incoherent disjointed incomplete sense of self from mild (not knowing who one is) to sever (condition)

Answer 161

identity diffusion

Question 162

T: bypass exploration and experimentation altogether

Answer 162

identity foreclosure (premature commitment)

Question 163

T: some adol select an identity that is undesirable

Answer 163

negative identity

Question 164

why negative identity?

Answer 164

would rather be somebody bad than nobody at all

Question 165

T: the point in identity development process that characterizes an adol at any given time

Answer 165

identity status

Question 166

Adapted from the work of James Marcia: Healthy identity development involves two important processes:
…2

Answer 166

commitment & exploration.

Question 167

Based on an individual’s responses to questionnaire, he or she can be assigned to one of four identity states: 4

Answer 167

identity achievement n moratorium

n identity foreclosure n identity diffusion

Question 168

high commitment and high exploration, commitment based on exploration so most optimal identity status :T

Answer 168

identity achievement

Question 169

T: individual always exploring hasn’t committed to anything yet

Answer 169

moratorium

Question 170

T: already made commitments not based on trail and error or exploration

Answer 170

foreclosure

Question 171

T: hasn’t made commitments not interested in trying them out

Answer 171

identity diffusion

Question 172

issues with studying/ measuring identity development longitudinally 3

Answer 172

• coherent sense of Identity generally not established before age 18.= goes against erikson identity crisis stage
• Individuals may move from one identity state to another, particularly during adolescent and young adult years not a systematic pattern
• not all settle on achieved identity not well understood of going between stages

Question 173

Post-secondary edu. has what influence on identity development

Answer 173

may prolong psychosocial moratorium

Question 174

different identity task with ethnic identity

Answer 174

Integrating a sense of ethnic identity into their overall sense of personal identity is often an important task of late adolescence

Question 175

ethnic identity Unquestioning view of oneself is displaced or upset by a crisis. what triggers

Answer 175

prejudice triggers exploration (aware of groups underrepresentation or feel different from majority)

Question 176

when one encounters prejudice, becomes aware of group’s underrepresentation in some activity or setting, or feels different from others with different backgrounds

Answer 176

t

Question 177

Period of exploration ethnic after crisis? what influences

Answer 177

Strong influence of context (e.g., ethnic composition of peers, school, neighbourhood)

Question 178

impact of residential schools on ethnic identity

Answer 178

Erodes cultural identity = discouraged any tied to indigene heritage

Question 179

Pervasive discrimination continues to exists towards

Indigenous populations.- impact?

Answer 179

Disproportionately high rates of health and social problems.

Effect is exacerbated by discrimination

Question 180

experiencing high levels of discrimination relates to conduct problems how

Answer 180

One pathway linking perceived discrimination to antisocial behavior is through the impact of discrimination on depression and alienation, which leads adolescents to affiliate with antisocial peers.

Question 181

Multidimensional Model of Ethnic Identity States Three aspects of racial identity influence the effects of discrimination:

Answer 181

Racial centrality
Private regard
public regard

Question 182

Public regard Adolescents who report experiencing high levels of discrimination suffer psychologically; however, these effects are influenced by …2

Answer 182

how much they feel discriminated against and the extent to which they are adversely affected by it.

Question 183

T: how important race is in defining your identity

Answer 183

racial centrality

Question 184

T: how you feel about being a member of your race

Answer 184

private regard

Question 185

T: how you think other people view your race

Answer 185

public regard

Question 186

Having …. is positively linked to psychological well-being and protects against the harmful effects of stress and discrimination.

Answer 186

positive feelings about one’s race

Question 187

T: the process parents use to teach their children about their ethnic identity

Answer 187

ethnic socialization

Question 188

Ethnic socialization may speed up identity development Focuses on three themes:

Answer 188

n Understanding and valuing one’s culture
Dealing with racism
n Succeeding in mainstream society as minority

Question 189

Having a strong ethnic identity is consistently associated with …3`

Answer 189

higher self-esteem, stronger self-efficacy, and better mental health among minority adolescents.

Question 190

T: Adolescents whose parents are not from the same ethnic or

racial group

Answer 190

multiethnic adol (understudied)

Question 191

Developing consistent ethnic identity is challenging for multiethnic adolescents. which one do they end up sticking with?

Answer 191

Many change their racial identity over time.

often have ethnic identity that doesn’t match classmates perception

Question 192

T: One’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender.

Answer 192

gender identity

Question 193

T: Whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both.

Answer 193

sexual orientation

Question 194

T: The extent to which an individual behaviors in traditionally “masculine” or “feminine” ways.

Answer 194

gender role behaviour

Question 195

what is the connection between gender role behaviour sexual orientation and gender identity

Answer 195

none! they are fluid not fixed. same variability in sexual orientation
except may be more vulnerable group (minority groups)

Question 196

psychological differences about males and females

Answer 196

hardly any

Question 197

Gender-role socialization

during adolescence?

Answer 197

Society holds beliefs about sex-appropriate behavior.

Question 198

T: pressure to behave in sex stereotypic way

Answer 198

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

Question 199

Gender Intensification Hypothesis during adol

Answer 199

increase during early to mid adol then Beliefs about gender roles become more flexible as individuals move through adolescence.

Question 200

Environment vs biology- which has more impact on gender- role behavior

Answer 200

Environment has much stronger effect on gender- role behavior than biology.

Question 201

gender typical adol vs atypical differences

Answer 201

atypical more victimization= mental health problems as a result

Question 202

how stable is masculinity and felinity over time

Answer 202

highly stable

Question 203

Boys and girls who behave in gender-typical ways are more … than their peers whose behavior is more gender- atypical.

Answer 203

accepted

Question 204

the social costs of behaving in gender-atypical ways are greater for .. than ..

Answer 204

.males than females.

Question 205

However, the social costs of behaving in gender-atypical ways are greater for males than females. why

Answer 205

Girls “allowed” to behave masculine but boys are strongly discouraged from displaying any traditional feminine traits.

Question 206

problems associated with gender atypical boys

Answer 206

lower SE, judged more deviant, more likely to be bullied