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Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescents do not generally develop serious psychological or social problems.

A

t

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2
Q

Important to distinguish between problems that are: 2 dimensions

A
  • experimental vs. enduring

* transitory vs. persist into adulthood

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3
Q

which problems are more limited to during the adol period transitory

A

sub use, delinquency

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4
Q

which persist?

A

mood , anx dep. stating when younger but spans across life

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5
Q

Problems displayed during adolescence are caused by adol

A

f not necessarily caused by adolescence.
Just because a problem may be displayed during adolescence, it doesn’t mean that is a problem of adolescence.= can express existing vulnerability

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6
Q

practitioners distinguish between 3 broad categories of problems

A

Problems Related to Physical Health
Internalizing disorders
Externalizing disorders

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7
Q

Problems Related to Physical Health?

A

Substance abuse
eating disorders
ect

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8
Q

other physical health problems of childhood that persist into adol

A

chronic health, sleep disorders, elimination disorders

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9
Q

T: individuals problems turned inwards and manifested in emotional and cognitive distress

A

Internalizing disorders

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10
Q

T: problems turned outwards, e.g. behaviours

A

Externalizing disorders

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11
Q

how common is comorbidity across these 3 categories

A

Problems are likely comorbid.

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12
Q

e.g. dep anx com morbid with …

A

substance use

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13
Q

Comorbidity of Externalizing Problems: Delinquency associated with problems such as …

A

truancy, defiance, sexual promiscuity, academic difficulties, violence, substance

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14
Q

T: skipping school

A

truancy

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15
Q

T: assumes underlying cause os unconventionality in their personalty and social enviro (more tolerance of deviance in general) 4

A

Problem Behaviour Syndrome perspective
Problem Clusters perspective
Social Control Theory

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16
Q

Unconventional individuals and environments perspective on comorbidity

A

the people you hang out with

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17
Q

T: problems in one domain can create problems in another

A

Problem Clusters perspective

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18
Q

problems breed other problems = cascading effects, what perspective

A

Problem Clusters perspective

no common underlying trait but involved in problem activity leads to other problem behaviours

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19
Q

T: Clustering of problems may not stem from a problem in the person but from an underlying weakness in the attachment of the youth to society.

A

Social Control Theory

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20
Q

e.g. underlying problem outside of person e.g. school, family work what theory

A

Social Control Theory = explain low SES problems

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21
Q

Comorbidity of Internalizing Problems, One underlying factor appears to be …

A

negative emotionality.

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22
Q

T:subjective state of distress, how early they become distressed

A

Negative emotionality

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23
Q

Internalizing disorders are also more common among

those who are …

A

anhedonic especially depression

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24
Q

T: those low in positive emotions

A

anhedonic

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25
Q

comorbid internalizing symptoms

A

anxiety, panic, phobia, obsessional thinking, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, psychosomatic problems

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26
Q

psychosomatic problems?

A

physical symptoms with psychological cause

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27
Q

substance use: Society sends mixed messages to youth. how

A

some substances like alc are fine others not
portrays drinking TV Ads and comedies • “Having a good time is
impossible without alcohol.” TV programs “Just say NO”

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28
Q

…3are by far the most commonly used and abused substances.

A

Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana

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29
Q

Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2018-2019): • how has smoking use changed

A

gradual decline= 3% regular cigarette users but 19% have used e-cigs? Vaping? in past month= increase

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30
Q

Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2018-2019): • …% alcohol

A

44

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31
Q

Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2018-2019): …% cannabis

A

18

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32
Q

of e cig users how many use frequently

A

40%

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33
Q

cannabis use over time

A

increased now plateaued

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34
Q

T: use substances before harder drugs

A

gateway drugs

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35
Q

e.g. of gateway drugs

A

tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana

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36
Q

Six different patterns of substance use, developmental trajectories based on…

A

when start and rate of use

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37
Q

Six different patterns of substance use: from most to least prev

A 
Nonusers (33%)
• Alcohol Experimenters (25%)
Late Starters (20%)
 High Escalators (8%) 
Early Starters (6%)
Low Escalators (5%)
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38
Q

T: began using early and slowly increasing

A

Low Escalators

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39
Q

T: high use early and gradual increased in HS

A

early starters

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40
Q

T: low use early but increased same as ES

A

late starters

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41
Q

T: high use early and rapid increase in HS

A

high escalators

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42
Q

T: alcohol early, occasional drinkers, no other substances

A

Alcohol Experimenters

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43
Q

what’s riskiest developmental trajectory

A

chronic and early use

Adolescents whose substance use begins early or escalates rapidly are most at risk for substance use problems as adults.

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44
Q

defining between …2 is important to understand the Causes and Consequences of Substance Use and Abuse

A

Occasional experimentation and problematic use

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45
Q

Youth who abuse substances are most at risk of what

A

less adjustment= school problems, mental health, more delinquency, relational problems ect

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46
Q

many classes and users of substance use why important

A

predict different problems

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47
Q

4 sets of risk factors are:

A
  • Psychological
  • Familial
  • Social
  • Contextual
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48
Q

• Psychological risk factor

A

impulsive, sensation seeking, inattentive, ect

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49
Q

• Familial risk factors?

A

hostile, distant conflict family enviro

permissive, uninvolved, neglectful parents

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50
Q

social risk factors?

A

peers and their drug use

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51
Q

contextual risk factors?

A

how available? community norms around use? how much is law against it enforced?

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52
Q

Marijuana use among Canadian youth aged 15 to 24 is different from adults how

A

more than double the prevalence in adults aged 25 and over

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53
Q

Youth have higher rates of crashes associated with …

A

marijuana use.

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54
Q

Heterogeneity in use patterns across adolescence and young adulthood what does this tell us

A

not everyone who uses has problems just 2 groups = Different associations with driving risk behaviours

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55
Q

Prevention of … risks and disorders is needed.

A

dependency

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56
Q

why drugs impact on brain in adol

A

Because brain is still malleable during adolescent

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57
Q

T: NT for pleasure

A

dopamine

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58
Q

Certain drugs increase the release of …

A

dopamine.

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59
Q

Frequent drug use interferes with the normal maturation of the brain’s dopamine system. what brain system

A

limbic = effects dopamine receptors = downregulation of normal pleasure response

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60
Q

Exposure to drugs during adolescence is more likely to lead to addiction than is exposure during adulthood. why

A

may need to use more to experience pleasure bcs of influence on NT

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61
Q

studies show repeated exposure to drugs in adol more likely to lead to addiction than if exposed in adulthood

A

t

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62
Q

adol are less likely to feel … and more likely to feel … of substance use

A

negative consequences of substance use and more likely to feel positive effects

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63
Q

chronic alc abuse Lasting effects of alcohol abuse on brain functioning (in the …2 areas) are worse in adolescence.

A

hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (more vulnerable to negative impact)

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64
Q

what use worse outcomes

A

chronic and heavy use= cog deficits

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65
Q

Criteria for substance abuse involve … harmful and repeated negative consequences of substance use over the last 12 months and be …

A

two or more

impairing functionings

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66
Q

… in adolescence include substance dependence and substance abuse

A

Adolescent Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

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67
Q

9 diagnostic SUDs criteria?

A
  1. larger amount over time
  2. interpersonal problems
  3. stop doing enjoyable things
  4. increase risky behaviour
  5. cant cut down
  6. tolerance and withdrawal
  7. time spent with SUDs
  8. cant fulfil obligations
  9. cravings
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68
Q

Efforts to prevent abuse target focus on 3 factors

A
  1. the supply of drugs
  2. the enviro
  3. the characteristics of user themselves
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69
Q

raising the price of cig and alc doesn’t influence use

A

f does so does changing legal age

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70
Q

problem with prevention programs

A

don’t distinguish between drug use and abuse

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71
Q

problems with not distinguish between drug use and abuse

A

won’t succeed

Prevention efforts may need to target harms (e.g., harms associated with binge drinking, impaired driving).

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72
Q

Most encouraging programs target what

A

individual and enviro

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73
Q

combine some sort of social …(individual) with a … (aimed at the adolescents’ social environments such as peers, parents, and teachers).

A

competence training

community-wide intervention

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74
Q

what treatment: Modify negative interactions between family members, improve communication, and develop effective problem-solving skills to address areas of conflict

A

• Family-based approaches

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75
Q

most common treatment for SUDs

A

• Family-based approaches (individual and context family most immediate context)

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76
Q

T: treatment: • A patient-centered and directive approach

• Engage intrinsic motivation within individual to change behaviour

A

Motivational interviewing (MI) more individual but use their intrinsic motivation

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77
Q

Motivational interviewing (MI) assumes…

A

assumes they know they have a problem and want to change

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78
Q

MI Addresses ambivalence and discrepancies between a person’s … and ..

A

.current values and behaviors and their future goals

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79
Q

Adolescents with more severe levels of abuse, unstable living conditions, or comorbid psychopathology require an …2

A

inpatient or residential setting

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80
Q

substance treatment Effective approaches address multiple influences (e.g. …) on the individual

A

peer, family, school, and community

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81
Q

why adol time of self image difficulty

A

constantly evaluating due to puberty changes

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82
Q

during adol … drop = weight gain

A

basal metabolism

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83
Q

Feelings of body dissatisfaction can contributed to disordered eating. is it categorical?

A

f • A continuum:

• Dieting that may be perfectly sensible and healthy,

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84
Q

Disordered eating can be unhealthy but not at a level requiring treatment

A

t Symptoms meet clinical criteria.

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85
Q

where does body distal come from

A

cultural ideal of thinness

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86
Q

why more in westerner cultures

A

Linked to Western culture, where food is plentiful and physical appearance is highly valued

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87
Q

disordered eating bolstered by Sociocultural values like…

A

and preoccupation with weight and dieting- may be internalized (eg. parents attitudes, peer conformity pressure)

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88
Q

mens health ideal?

A

exercise to be as muscley as possible

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89
Q

women health ideal?

A

how to be thinner

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90
Q

Adolescents with eating disorders have an extremely …

A

distorted body image. see self as overweight when underweight

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91
Q

T: extreme restriction of diet until starving

A

Anorexia

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92
Q

T: cycle of binging and compensatory purging strategy

A

bulimia

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93
Q

Clinically defined bulimia and anorexia preference differ for …

A

females than males.

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94
Q

which disorder more common for men and women

A

Binge eating disorder

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95
Q

T: consuming a lot followed by distress about this behaviour

A

Binge eating disorder

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96
Q

how do they develop? 2

A
  1. Dieting and weight concerns in adol

2. only small number of dieters go on to develop disorder

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97
Q

Anorexia and bulimia typically occur during ..

A

adolescence= give rise

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98
Q

Emphasis on self-perceptions of physical appearance gender dif

A

both struggle

.e.g drive for muscularity

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99
Q

drive for muscularity survey created by who

A

McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls

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100
Q

what lead to dieting

A

drive to Achieving an ideal appearance

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101
Q

Dieting may lead to a vicious cycle describe

A

false hope cycle= unrealistic expectations = behaviours to achieve

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102
Q

3 main tenants of annor

A

Characterized by refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight; intense fear of gaining weight= anxiety; and significant disturbance in perception and experiences of body size= don’t see as unhealthy

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103
Q

DSM-5 subtypes of annor

A

Restricting type

Binge-eating/purging type

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104
Q

T: individual loses weight through diet, fasting, or

excessive exercise without binging or purging in the past 3 months annor

A

Restricting type

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105
Q

T: individual has engaged in the above methods in past 3 months. annor

A

Binge-eating/purging type (purge occasional)

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106
Q

in adol what prevalence

A

1% prevalence

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107
Q

bulimia more roles common

A

more 3% prevalence

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108
Q

bulimia Primary feature is …

A

recurrent binge eating

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109
Q

Binges are followed by compensatory behaviors (intended to prevent weight gain) in the form of two subtypes:

A
  • Purging

* Non-purging

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110
Q

which dsm category more categories

A

bulimia

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111
Q

severity of bul depends on

A

the number of compensatory behaviours per week

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112
Q

T: Similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviors

• Involves periods of eating more than other people would

A

Binge Eating Disorder

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113
Q

Binge Eating Disorder what feeling after binges

A

loss of control

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114
Q

problems with Binge Eating Disorder

A

health problems of obesity

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115
Q

Bulimia more common that anorexia what bul weight

A

close to normal weight within 10% normal= harder to identify

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116
Q

Anor how much below normal weight

A

15%

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117
Q

how common is Eating disorders among boys

A

more common than we thought

118
Q

male vulnerability for eating dis ?

A

Sexual orientation and eating disorders

119
Q

6 predisposing factors?

A
  1. neurobiological factors
  2. Mental health problems
  3. Social dimension
  4. Family influences
  5. Trauma (though general risk factor for psychopathology)
  6. Cognitive deficits
120
Q

what neurobiological factors

A

imbalance of serotonin regulates appetite

OCD similarity

121
Q

Mental health problems?

A

also report 90% symptoms of depression= commorbidty risk factor

122
Q

Social dimension?

A

western cultures

123
Q

Family influences?

A

families relationship with food and dieting
or to direct attention away from family conflict
self image

124
Q

Trauma?

A

child sexual abuse especially bulimia but though general risk factor for psychopathology)

125
Q

Cognitive deficits?

A

unrealistic expectations = faulty thinking processes

126
Q

what treatment usually used

A

psychosocial interventions (CBT, interpersonal ect)

127
Q

psychosocial interventions effective alone

A

f comprehensive treatment plans (e.g. also nutritionist, art therapist ect)

128
Q

Comprehensive treatment plans often involve …

A

family = Resolution of family and interpersonal problems are crucial to recovery from an eating disorder (situational and personal issues)

129
Q

all can be managed as out-patient

A

f most but • Hospitalization (usually brief) is necessary for more severe = physical or psychiatric risk, comorbidity ect

130
Q

2…. oriented CBT works to change eating behaviors with rewards and modeling

A

Individual or family
CBT thinking processes as well
underlying interpersonal issues

131
Q

3 main categories of externalizing problems

A

conduct disorders
aggression
delinquency

132
Q

2 types of conduct disorders

A

CD

ODD

133
Q

2 types of aggression

A

overt covert

134
Q

2 types of delinquency

A

antisocial acts

juvenile offending

135
Q

CD and ODD across lifespan?

A

f limited to childhood and adol

136
Q

T: repetitive and persistant patterns of Antisocial behaviour

A

CD

137
Q

one way to prevent adolescents from experimenting with more serious drugs might be to stop them from ..

A

drinking, smoking, and using marijuana.

138
Q

most with ODD go on to develop CD

A

t

139
Q

those with CD might go on to have what diagnosis

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APSD)

140
Q

T: disregard for legal and moral standards, don’t abide by rules or get along • A disorder of adulthood

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APSD)

141
Q

T: antisocial and charming, impulsive, indifferent to others feelings

A

• Psychopathic or callous-unemotional traits (CU)

seen in APSD

142
Q

Not all adolescents go on to become psychopaths

A

t just more likely for delinquency

143
Q

people who begin in early adolescence (before age 14) are… times more likely to binge drink as teenagers and … times more likely to develop a substance abuse or dependence disorder at some point in life

A

seven

five

144
Q

which subtype most predictive of antisocial PD in adulthood

A

callous lack of empathy

145
Q

which subtype most predictive of antisocial PD in adulthood

A

callous lack of empathy in 2/3 of APD

146
Q

most ODD in what range of severity

A

90% on moderate

147
Q

adolescents who are mistakenly enrolled in treatment programs (because their parents have overreacted to the adolescent’s normative and probably harmless experimentation with drugs) may end up ..

A

.more alienated and more distressed—and more likely to become drug abusers

148
Q

Children with childhood-onset CD display at least one symptom before age …

A

10

149
Q

adol onset more likely in boys

A

f no gender dif- less violent offences and less persistence over time

150
Q

temporal sequencing of OC and ODD?

A

• CD is most always preceded by ODD

But ODD does not always mean CD

151
Q

relocation dropped violence

A

t

152
Q

For most children, ODD is a strong risk factor for later ..

A

.ODD= stable trait

153
Q

T: behavior that is done intentionally to hurt someone.

A

aggression

154
Q

2 types of aggression

A
  • Physical

* Relational

155
Q

Can be ..(planned) or … (unplanned).

A

.instrumental

reactive

156
Q

whose aggression are we worried about

A

• Relatively stable over time, but usually declines over the course of childhood and adolescence.

157
Q

• “…” is legal term includes delinquency

A

Juvenile offending

158
Q

• Although a large % of offenders have CD, not all adolescents with
CD are offenders

A

t (because depends if they broke law).

159
Q

what are some juvenile offences

A

Violence (e.g., assault, rape, robbery, and murder) and property crimes (e.g., burglary, theft arson)

160
Q

what are Status offences

A

only against law for minors

161
Q

..% of all high school students feel so sad and hopeless so often that they stop engaging in their usual activities, and each year, …% of this age group seriously contemplate committing suicide

A

.30

18

162
Q

juvenile offending Increases in frequency between the …

A

preadolescent and adolescent

years. peaks in highschool

163
Q

increase in early adol peaks highschool declines again :T

A

Age-crime curve

164
Q

The onset of serious delinquency when

A

highschool

165
Q

Adolescents who attempt to kill themselves usually have made appeals for help and have tried but failed to get emotional support from family or friends

A

t

166
Q

although one-third of all teenagers report having had an anxiety disorder by age 18, almost all of these individuals had developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12 what does this tell us

A

simply because a problem may be displayed during adolescence does not mean that it is a problem of adolescence.

167
Q

…% of adolescents have a mental illness that will persist into adulthood

A

20

likely to have had a problematic childhood as well as a problematic adolescence.

168
Q

When a young person exhibits a serious psychosocial problem, such as depression, the worst possible interpretation is that it is a normal part of ..

A

growing up

sign something wrong

169
Q

individuals who have strong predispositions toward the disorder may become depressed in the face of .

A

.mildly stressful circumstances that most of us would consider to be normal.

170
Q

Although alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents in most European countries is substantially higher than it is in the United States, twice as many American than European adolescents …

A

regularly use illicit drugs (mainly marijuana)

171
Q

one way to prevent adolescents from experimenting with more serious drugs might be to stop them from ..

A

drinking, smoking, and using marijuana.

172
Q

where do life course pathway come from

A
  • Genetic or environmental
  • E.g., fearlessness/stress reactivity (blunted response)
  • Have histories of aggression identifiable early
173
Q

Have histories of aggression identifiable as early as age

.

A

8.

174
Q

Life-course-persistent (LCP) intel?

A

low scores poor school performance
Intelligence, cognitive deficits
hostile attribution bias

175
Q

property crimes start with… behaviour

A

overt

176
Q

agressive kids start as

A

difficult children

177
Q

T: path begins early and persists into adulthood

A

life course persistent

178
Q

background for life course persistent ?

A

• From disorganized families with hostile or inept parents.= more neglectful= don’t teach how control their behaviours and emotions

179
Q

where do life course pathway come from

A
  • Genetic or environmental
  • E.g., fearlessness/stress reactivity
  • Have histories of aggression identifiable early
180
Q

Have histories of aggression identifiable as early as age

.

A

8.

181
Q

Life-course-persistent (LCP) intel?

A

low scores poor school performance
Intelligence, cognitive deficits
hostile attribution bias

182
Q

Intelligence, cognitive deficits how stable

A

very highly predictive of later success

183
Q

Because …4 are relatively stable traits over childhood, there is a great deal of continuity in problem behaviors over time.

A

aggressiveness, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and intelligence

184
Q

Life-Course Persistent Offenders • Have problems with self-regulation 2 pieces of evidence

A
  • More likely than peers to suffer from ADHD.

* Hostile attribution bias

185
Q

• Other…underpinnings (esp. callous/unemotional may have inherited tendency towards fearlessness, low hr, and less stress reactivity to painful/emotional stimuli).

A

biological

186
Q

• Score lower on standardized tests of intelligence and neuropsychological functioning.=

A

• Perform poorly in school.

187
Q

T: path begins at puberty and ends in young adulthood and tend to be more temporary, don’t commit serious crimes

A

Adolescent-limited (AL) offenders

188
Q

background of Adolescent-limited (AL)

A

• Do not usually show signs of psychological problems or family pathology, less likely to drop out

189
Q

While fewer youth are detained, those who are represent the most troubled youth committing the most serious crimes.

A

t

190
Q

main Risk factor for AL

A

poor parenting practices and affiliation with antisocial peers

191
Q

gender dif in risk factors for AL

A

similar across gender and ethnic groups

192
Q

T: youth who have been subject to law Apprehension and court contact;

A

Juvenile delinquency

193
Q

Juvenile delinquency excludes antisocial behaviours at

…

A

home or school

194
Q

how are rates of Juvenile delinquency changing in Canada

A

declining due to youth criminal justice act= less incarceration focus on reintegration

195
Q

BC lowest rate of incarceration

A

t = closing cutlery centres, those who are detained very bad

196
Q

While fewer youth are detained, those who are represent the most troubled youth committing the most serious crimes.

A

t

197
Q

Profile of At-Risk BC Youth in Custody… youth remain overrepresented within the justice system.

A

Indigenous

198
Q

peer factors as risk?

A

process of selection or socialization e.g. gangs

199
Q

Indigenous youth in custody Most had a history of involvement with youth justice
system (before age of …).

A

14 = early onset

200
Q

3 most common adol offences

A

assault
breach admin
robbery

201
Q

BC Data, McCreary Centre, 2014 report found what about conditions

A

about half (biggest predictor of being in the system)= behaviour problem e.g. conduct disorder, problems with anger

202
Q

Risk Factors – individual & social

• Interaction of genetic factors and events e.g. ?

A 
genetic= self control 
events= trauma
203
Q

low … levels in boys = conduct problems in boys

A

cortisol = less stress

204
Q

cognitive deficits?

A

hostile at bias

205
Q

Adolescence-limited what 4 strategies?

A

parent management training PMT
problem solving skills training PSST
multisystemic therapy MST

206
Q

family risk factors ?

A

(stress, poverty – capital) e.g social capital

207
Q

Adolescence-limited what 4 strategies?

A
  1. teaching youth to defend against peer pressure and resist agression
  2. involve parents, help parents monitor child more closer and effectively and increase communication
  3. altering context- classroom school context to discourage antisocial and promote prosocial behaviours
  4. treating the delinquent act more seriously when it occurs but within the school context not authorities
208
Q

prevention and treatment same for adol and chronic life course

A

f different challenges and treatment and severity

209
Q

Chronic antisocial behavior prevention 3

A

combo
• Prevent disruption in early family relationships. • Head off early academic problems.
• Improve transition from school to work roles.

210
Q

Some treatments are not very effective which

A
  • Group treatments can worsen the problem

* Restrictive approaches (residential treatment, inpatient hospitalization, incarceration)

211
Q

which treatment effective

A

individual psychotherapy and family interventions

212
Q

Adolescence-limited what 4 strategies?

A

parent management training PMT
problem solving skills training PSST
multisystemic therapy MST

213
Q

Adolescence-limited are easier to treat why

A

they agree with moral standards and treatment already =age out

214
Q

Adolescence-limited what 4 strategies?

A
  1. teaching youth to defend against peer pressure and resist agression
  2. involve parents, help parents monitor child more closer and effectively and increase communication
  3. altering context- classroom school context to discourage antisocial and promote prosocial behaviours
  4. treating the delinquent act more seriously when it occurs but within the school context not authorities
215
Q

which therapy most comprehensive

A

multisystemic therapy MST

216
Q

adolescents who experiment with alcohol and marijuana are no worse adjusted than their peers who abstain from them

A

t

217
Q

Experimentation with substances, as long as it takes place later in adolescence, is associated with better adjustment in young adulthood than is abstaining, abusing, or using drugs problematically

A

t

218
Q

heavy cigarette smoking during adolescence can exacerbate feelings of emotional distress and lead to …

A

depression and anxiety disorders

219
Q

One explanation for especially high rates of substance use among affluent suburban teenagers is that their parents often are …

A

tolerant of this behavior

220
Q

Adolescent marijuana use is not higher in states that have legalized the drug for medical use

A

t

221
Q

people who begin in early adolescence (before age 14) are… times more likely to binge drink as teenagers and … times more likely to develop a substance abuse or dependence disorder at some point in life

A

seven

five

222
Q

Similarly, juvenile rodents are more likely to experience the rewarding aspects of nicotine exposure, including …, than are older animals

A

enhanced learning

223
Q

effects of weed use on brain

A

Both early and heavy marijuana use are associated with worse outcomes than later or less frequent use, including cognitive deficits and diminished educational attainment
brain abnormalities in many of the same areas that are also affected by drinking, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, regions that play an important role in memory, advanced thinking abilities, and emotion regulation

224
Q

One reason that substance use is more common among teenagers from lower socioeconomic backgrounds is that they have fewer opportunities
to …

A

engage in pleasurable activities that don’t involve drugs

raise SE

225
Q

adolescents who are mistakenly enrolled in treatment programs (because their parents have overreacted to the adolescent’s normative and probably harmless experimentation with drugs) may end up ..

A

.more alienated and more distressed—and more likely to become drug abusers

226
Q

The onset of serious delinquency generally begins between the ages of …

A

13 and 16

227
Q

This is not to say that all bullies grow up to be violent criminals or that all stubborn preschoolers run away from home as teenagers. But …

A

the reverse is almost always true.

228
Q

mong American 15- to 19-year-olds, homicide accounts for ..% of all deaths among Blacks and 17% of all deaths among Hispanics, but about 8% of deaths among Native Americans, 5% among Asian Americans, and 4% among Whites

A

.43

229
Q

relocation dropped violence

A

t

230
Q

because minority youth are overrepresented among the poor, they are also overrepresented among those who commit crimes does this mean limited

A

One-third of adolescents in affluent neighborhoods report involvement in violent and serious delinquency

231
Q

between …%, depending on the study—account for most serious criminal activity

A

5% and 10
Although studies indicate that most adolescents—regardless of their social backgrounds—do something that violates the law at one time or another

232
Q

virtually everybody desists from crime by midlife, so that there really is no such thing as “…” offending

A

life-course-persistent

233
Q

it is extremely difficult to predict which antisocial adolescents will persist in their bad behavior solely on the basis of their behavior during adolescence

A

t

234
Q

the best predictor of continued offending in adulthood isn’t whether someone is antisocial in adolescence. It’s the presence of serious antisocial behavior in …

A

childhood.

235
Q

There is some evidence that exposure to harsh parenting may adversely affect the developing child’s brain chemistry—in particular, the activity of ..receptors—which may increase the risk of antisocial behavior

A

.serotonin

236
Q

All CU adolescents do not become delinquents, however; it also takes a willingness to engage in antisocial activity, sometimes referred to as “…”

A

moral disengagement

237
Q

The identification of the biological underpinnings of problematic functioning does not necessarily mean that they are inborn or hard-wired.

A

t maltreatment can cause

238
Q

abstaining from antisocial behavior leads to peer rejection

A

f

239
Q

..% of all high school students feel so sad and hopeless so often that they stop engaging in their usual activities, and each year, …% of this age group seriously contemplate committing suicide

A

.30

18

240
Q

increased reward seeking caused by this brain change with changes in the adolescent’s social world leads to an i..

A

.ntensification in adolescents’ desire for the rewards of intimate friendships and romantic relationships.

241
Q

Before adolescence, depression sex dif?

A

boys are somewhat more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms than girls, but after puberty, the sex difference in prevalence of depression reverses.

242
Q

It is well-known that rates of depression are about twice as high among adult women than men; it is less well-known that this sex difference is entirely due to the higher prevalence of depression among girls than boys, which persists into adulthood what does this mean

A

Sex differences in the appearance of depression for the first time after adolescence (which is rare in either gender) are very small.

243
Q

Adolescents who attempt to kill themselves usually have made appeals for help and have tried but failed to get emotional support from family or friends

A

t

244
Q

increased alarmingly between 1950 and 1990, fueled by the increased use …

A

of drugs and alcohol and the increased availability of firearms

245
Q

The rate of adolescent suicide is especially high in …, where it has increased significantly in recent years

A

South America

246
Q

suicide most common in black communities

A

f Attempted suicide is most common among Native American and Alaskan Native adolescents and least common among Black, Asian, and White adolescents; the rate among Hispanic adolescents falls between these extremes

247
Q

individuals who have strong predispositions toward the disorder may become depressed in the face of .

A

.mildly stressful circumstances that most of us would consider to be normal.

248
Q

the single most common trigger of the first episode of major depression in adolescence is ..

A

.the breakup of a romantic relationship

249
Q

The use of antidepressant medications among adolescents has nearly doubled since the 1990s

A

t

250
Q

stress causes dysfunction

A

f resilience impact

251
Q

… is the most common internalizing disorder

among adolescents

A

• Depression

252
Q

how many experience a prolonged sense of helplessness

A

Minority

253
Q

Show significant impairment in daily functions give some examples

A

psychosomatic symptoms, impair relationships

254
Q

on top of sadness 3 other symptoms

A

Disturbances in thinking, physical functioning, and social behavior (low self esteem, decrease of pleasure)

255
Q

3 types of depression

A

symtoms, syndrome, disorder

256
Q

T: common feelings of sadness

A

Depressed mood

257
Q

T: symptoms of depression (cluster into single dimension of negative affect)

A

• Depressive

symptoms/syndromes

258
Q

why become common in adol?

A

stressful events in adol, cognitive changes= rumination,

259
Q

developmental course of dep

A

rise through adol late adol highest risk for dep

260
Q

increase prev of dep in NA- why?

A

not sure

261
Q

• DSM-5 divides mood disorders into two general categories

A

Depressive disorders excessive unhappiness (dysphoria) and loss of interest in activities (anhedonia)
• Bipolar disorder mood swings from deep sadness to high elation (euphoria) and expansive mood (mania)

262
Q

another class of mood disorderSymptoms are less severe, but more chronic than MDD (Is characterized by symptoms of depressed mood that occur on most days, and persist for at least one year)

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder [P-DD] (Dysthymia Disorder)

263
Q

often those with PDD have poor…

A

emotion regulation

264
Q

why is PDD harder to treat

A

chronic

265
Q

Youth with both MDD and P-DD are more severely impaired than youth with just one disorder

A

t

266
Q

Sex differences may be attributed to:

A

social roles = gender roles – pressure to act passive, dependent, and fragile, heightened self-consciousness over physical appearance, poorer body image.
stress: greater levels of stress during early adolescence.
coping with stress: ruminating more – turning feelings inward. boys distract self or turn outwards

267
Q

first and second leading cause of death for adol in Canada

A

In Canada, suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people (after accidents, unintentional deaths; Stats Can)
but increase in

268
Q

risk for suicide for youth in Canada 3?

A

gender: men and boys more su girls more self harm
more attempts
First Nations

269
Q

prevalence of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury compared to dep

A

Between 12-38% of Canadian HS and university students engage in NSSI much more than dep but risk factor for dep

270
Q

Risks for Suicide? 6

A 
• Having a psychiatric problem
• Having a family history of suicide in the family • Being under intense stress (academic, social)
• Experiencing extreme family conflict
• Suicide contagion
- attempts
(more risks= more likely)
271
Q

suicide contagion equally likely in adults

A

f adol more influenced by it

272
Q

what model do we explain cause of depression with

A

diathesis stress
Depression occurs when people with a predisposition (a diathesis) toward internalizing problems are exposed to chronic or acute stressors (a stress).

273
Q

those without the … are able to withstand a great deal of stress without developing psychological problems.

A

diathesis

274
Q

the diathesis May be … in origin (neuroendocrine or genetically linked), or because of ….(tendencies toward hopelessness, pessimism, and self-blame).

A

biological

cognitive style

275
Q

e.g. of biological diathesis

A

HPA axis activation during puberty so stress can prolong cortisol?

276
Q

the stress: enviro influences of dep 3 components

A

family, social factors and adversity

277
Q

Primarily from having a high-conflict and low-cohesion family, being unpopular, reporting more chronic and acute stressors, peer victimization what are these

A

family

social =stresses

278
Q

trauma, loss, chronic health conditions and maltreatment what kind of stress

A

adversity

279
Q

treatment of adol during adol similar to during other points in lifespan

A

t

280
Q

3 types of treatment approaches for inter

A
  • Biological therapies
  • Psychotherapies (root of dep)
  • Family therapy
281
Q

what stressors do adol face

A

daily hassles, stressful situations, 1 more?
Range of stressors
Stress responses vary; some adolescents experience:

282
Q

stressors can cause 3

A
  • internalized disorders (anxiety, depression, headaches, indigestion, immune system problems).
  • externalized disorders (behavior and conduct problems). • drug and alcohol abuse problems.
283
Q

Stress does not always lead to negative outcomes. when does it not

A

• Resilience in the face of adversity

284
Q

when are stressors worse

A

Multiple stressors have a much greater impact than single stressors (multiplicative)
• Adolescents who have internal and external resources are less likely to be affected by stress than their peers.

285
Q

internal resource example?

A

emotional regulation, self esteem, mindfulness, IQ

286
Q

external resources?

A

supportive parents, cultural capital, social support from friends

287
Q

youth who have … are less distressed by stress

A

close family or peer relationships

288
Q

2 mechanisms of coping with stress

A

Primary control strategies versus secondary control strategies

289
Q

T: taking steps to change source of your stress, usually best strategy

A

Primary control

290
Q

T: adapting to problem or stress, best when uncontrollable situation

A

secondary control strategies

291
Q

adol who use which Primary control strategies versus secondary control strategies better adapted

A

both!

336 (13 decks)

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