chapter 8 after midterm 2

Question 1

what constitutes an egalitarian society?

Answer 1

In societies where egalitarian social relations exist, there are no differences in wealth, power, or prestige.

Question 2

what does surplus production of food and control of its distribution lead to? what does a complex society have?

Answer 2

Surplus production of food and control of its distribution lead to occupational specialization:
• Complex societies have large populations, extensive division of labour, and occupational specialization

Question 3

things that indicated occupational specialization/complex societies

Answer 3

Monumental architecture, large constructions, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs
o Differences in the number and quality of grave goods
o Concentrations of particular artifacts in specific areas, indicating that specialized activities took place there

Question 4

describe the moche

Answer 4

pre inca civilization of south america
700 BP - 1300 BP
• Evidence of this culture for around 400 years
• Known for mini burials with ornamental items
• Often found underneath current houses-rely on mapping

Question 5

describe the nazca

Answer 5

pre inca civilization of south america
1600-1300 BP
• Markings in ground (geoliths) - still exist bc dry area

Question 6

when was the inka civilization around?

Answer 6

Inka empire - still around when spanish arrived (500 yrs BP)

Question 7

describe the inka social strata

Answer 7

• Social strata:
  
  • The inka (supreme ruler)
  • The sons and grandsons of the inka
  • Other people of royal blood
  • Inka aristocrats
  • Inka by privilege
  • Peasants

Question 8

what is special about inka roads?

Answer 8

• Well known

* Two main ones: one that followed coastline, one that went back through the mountains

Question 9

what are Khipu?

Answer 9

(knots)
• Used to keep track of info
• Keep track of inventory

Question 10

describe inka textiles

Answer 10

• Well preserved bc of environment

* Silver “trinkets” placed in graves etc

Question 11

why where there inka mummies?

Answer 11

• Sacrifices- times of earth quakes, droughts, etc
  
  • Children fed a maize alcoholic drink to make death easier
  • Lots of skull fractures associated

Question 12

what is Machu Picchu? describe briefly

Answer 12

• Settlement on mountain
  
  • Not discovered by spanish in 1500s
  • “lost city”
  • Only used from about 100 years
  • Terraces

Question 13

who is Hiram bingham?

Answer 13

• Director of expedition to search for evidence of incan ruins in 1911
  
  • Connected to yale and brought back artifacts to them
  • Foliage had to be removed so machu picchu can be seen

Question 14

what is Intihuatana?

Answer 14

Intihuatana is a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca
• Sun was important
• Lots of sites correspond with rising and setting of sun

Question 15

what was special about inca masonry?

Answer 15

• Tight fit of stones/bricks

Question 16

describe the agricultural terraces of the inka empire

Answer 16

• Stream of water going through
• Stratification
• Water features are important to settlements
New inka road discovered in 2014