Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Scientific study; changes that occur from conception to death

Answer 1

Human Development

Question 2

One participant/group studied over long period of time

Answer 2

Longitudinal Design

Question 3

Multiple different participant/age groups studied at one point in time

Answer 3

Cross-sectional Design

Question 4

First studied by cross-sectional design; followed longitudinally

Answer 4

Cross-sequential Design

Question 5

Impact on development; group shares common time period/life experience

Answer 5

Cohort Effect

Question 6

Influence of inherited characteristics on personality

Answer 6

Nature

Question 7

Influence of environment on personality

Answer 7

Nurture

Question 8

Science of inherited traits

Answer 8

Genetics

Question 9

Contains genetic material of organism

Answer 9

DNA

Question 10

Section of DNA

Answer 10

Gene

Question 11

Tightly wound strand of DNA

Answer 11

Chromosome(s)

Question 12

Gene actively controls expression of trait

Answer 12

Dominant

Question 13

Gene only influences when paired with an identical gene

Answer 13

Recessive

Question 14

Diseases carried by ________ genes are inherited when a child inherits ____ _______ genes, ____ from each parent.

Answer 14

recessive; two recessive; one

(cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, phenylketonuria)

Question 15

Extra chromosome in what would be the 21st pair

Answer 15

Down Syndrome

Question 16

Extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair

Answer 16

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 17

23rd pair is missing an X

Answer 17

Turner Syndrome
(short, infertile, & sexually underdeveloped)

Question 18

Union of ovum (female egg) and sperm (male cell)

Answer 18

Fertilization

Question 19

Total of 46 chromosomes; result of fertilization

Answer 19

Zygote

Question 20

Identical twins; one zygote splits into two different cell masses (one fetus)

Egg fertilized by one sperm, then egg splits in half

Answer 20

Monozygotic Twins

Question 21

Fraternal twins; two zygotes in uterus at the same time (two fetuses)

Two eggs fertilized by two different sperms

Answer 21

Dizygotic Twins

Question 22

Study of ethical and moral issues; biology and medicine

Answer 22

Bioethics

Question 23

2 weeks after fertilization; zygote moves to uterus and implants in lining

Answer 23

Germinal Period

Question 24

2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; organism being formed

Answer 24

Embryo

Question 25

2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; major organs and structures begin developing

Answer 25

Embryonic Period

Question 26

Environmental influences impact development of infant

Answer 26

Critical Periods

Question 27

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

Answer 27

Teratogen

Question 28

Consumption of alcohol through pregnancy; combination of physical, mental, & behavioral problems

Answer 28

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Question 29

8 weeks after conception until birth of baby

Answer 29

Fetal Period

Question 30

8 weeks after fertilization until birth of baby; developing organism

Answer 30

Fetus

Question 31

Born between 38-40 weeks? Born before 38 weeks?

Answer 31

Full term; Premature (preterm)

Question 32

Longer infant spent looking; more attracted to that stimulus

Answer 32

Preferential Looking

Question 33

Infants stop paying attention to stimulus that doesn't change

Answer 33

Habituation

Question 34

Development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

Answer 34

Cognitive Development

Question 35

Mental concepts

Answer 35

Schemas

Question 36

First stage; infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects

Answer 36

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 37

Knowledge object exists; not in sight

Answer 37

Object Permanence

Question 38

Second stage; preschool child uses language to explore world

Answer 38

Preoperational Stage

Question 39

Inability to see the world through someone else's eyes

Answer 39

Egocentrism

Question 40

Young child focuses on one feature; ignores relevant parts

Answer 40

Centration

Question 41

Changing appearance does not change true nature of object

Answer 41

Conservation

Question 42

Young child unable to mentally reverse action

Answer 42

Irreversibility

Question 43

Third stage; school child capable of logic thought processes (beginner) *capable of conservation and reverse thinking

Answer 43

Concrete Operations Stage

Question 44

Fourth stage; adolescent capable of abstract thinking

Answer 44

Formal Operations Stage

Question 45

More skilled helps less skilled learner

Answer 45

Scaffolding

Question 46

Vygotsky; child can do alone vs help of a teacher

Answer 46

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Question 47

Neural disorder that encompasses a whole range of previous disorders

Answer 47

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Question 48

Behavioral characteristics; easy, difficult, and slow to warm up; each person born with

Answer 48

Temperament

Question 49

Emotional bond with infant and caregiver

Answer 49

Attachment

Question 50

"Touching base"; infants explored as long as mother nearby, cried when gone

Answer 50

Secure Attachment

Question 51

No interest or concern about mother not being around

Answer 51

Avoidant Attachment

Question 52

"Mixed feelings"; clingy and unwilling to explore, wanted mother but would fight when she came back

Answer 52

Ambivalent Attachment

Question 53

Unsure how to react; avoid eye contact, dazed and depressed look

Answer 53

Disorganized-disoriented

Question 54

Image of oneself develops through interactions with important people in their life

Answer 54

Self-concept

Question 55

Theory that development occurs in eight stages; first four in infancy and childhood

Answer 55

Erikson's Theory

Question 56

Contact comfort

Answer 56

Harry Harlow

Question 57

Stage that results in sense of independence because of ability to control his or her own options

Answer 57

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Question 58

13 to early 20's; no longer a child but not-yet self sustaining adult

Answer 58

Adolescence

Question 59

The peak of sexual development and bodily changes

Answer 59

Puberty

Question 60

Adolescents believe they are unique and protected from harm

Answer 60

Personal Fable

Question 61

Adolescent thought that other people are worried about your characteristics just as much as you are

Answer 61

Imaginary Audience

Question 62

Understanding of right and wrong

Answer 62

Moral Developement

Question 63

Infants learn trust dependency on how their needs are met

Answer 63

Trust vs Mistrust