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General Pyschology > Chapter 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Active info from systems organizes and stores

A

Memory

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2
Q

Mental operations; senses become usable; brain storage system

A

Encoding (Putting it in)

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3
Q

Hold on to info period of time; seconds to lifetime

A

Storage (Keeping It In)

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4
Q

From storage to retrieval

A

Retrieval (Getting It Out)

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5
Q

Memory storage similar to computer processes; 3 stages

A

Information Processing Model

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6
Q

Memory processes; same time; neural connections

A

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

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7
Q

Deeply processed model; more efficient for a long period of time

A

Levels-of-processing Model

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8
Q

Raw info; brief period of time

A

Sensory Memory

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9
Q

Visual sensory memory; fraction of a second

A

Iconic Memory (George Sperling,1960)

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10
Q

Visual memory; 30 seconds or more

A

Eidetic Imagery

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11
Q

Auditory memory; 2-4 seconds

A

Echoic Memory

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12
Q

Brief period of time while in use; 12-30 seconds

A

Short-term Memory (STM)

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13
Q

Focus on one stimulus; ignore others

A

Selective Attention

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14
Q

Active system; process info to STM

A

Working memory

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15
Q

Numbers read, recall in order

A

Digit-span Test (George Miller)

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16
Q

Remembering to maintain in STM “saying”

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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17
Q

Info kept more or less permanently

A

Long-term Memory (LTM)

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18
Q

“Rotating” info; repetition over-over

A

Rote

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19
Q

Transfer from STM to LTM in a meaningful way

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

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20
Q

LTM to conditioned responses (skills, habits)

A

Nondeclarative Memory (implicit)

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21
Q

Loss of memory due to injury; unable to develop new memories

A

Anterograde Amnesia

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22
Q

LTM info conscious and known

A

Declarative Memory (explicit)

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23
Q

Type of declarative; general knowledge/education

A

Semantic Memory

24
Q

Type of declarative; personal info

A

Episodic Memory

25
Q

Model (assumes) stored in connected fashion
related concepts stored closer to each other

A

Semantic Network Model

26
Q

Memory first formed available when retrieved (location)

A

Encoding Specifity

27
Q

Pulled from memory; few external cues (essays, short answer)

A

Recall

28
Q

Match stored info (image/fact) (multiple-choice)

A

Recognition

29
Q

Information at beginning & end remembered ONLY

A

Serial Position Effect

30
Q

Beginning remembered ONLY

A

Primacy Effect

31
Q

End remembered ONLY

A

Recency Effect

32
Q

Info enter LTM with no effort

A

Automatic Encoding

33
Q

Unexpected event; strong emotional associations

A

Flashbulb Memory

34
Q

Retrieval of memories (altered, revised, influenced)

A

Constructive Processing

35
Q

Falsely believe; revision of old to new “correctly predicted”

A

Hindsight Bias

36
Q

“Mis”leading info shown after event; altars memories

A

Misinformation Effect

37
Q

Creation of “false” memories; suggestions of others (hypnosis)

A

False-memory Syndrome

38
Q

Multiple-choice? ______ Essay?________

A

Recognition; Recall

39
Q

Less accurate in memory of type of sign than those given no information

A

Loftus 1978 Study (stop & yield signs)

40
Q

Forgetting within first hour after after learning a list

A

Curve of forgetting (Hermann Ebbinghaus)

41
Q

Including breaks between study periods

A

Distributed Practice

42
Q

Failure to process info into memory

A

Encoding Failure

43
Q

Psychical change in brain; memory formed

A

Memory Trace

44
Q

Loss of memory, after time; memory trace not in use

A

Decay

45
Q

Memories not used will decay and disappear

A

Disuse

46
Q

Older info interferes with learning new info

A

Proactive Interference

47
Q

Newer info interferes with retrieving old info

A

Retroactive Interference

48
Q

Changes in structure and fxn of neurons; memory formed

A

Consolidation

49
Q

Responsible for formation of long-term declarative memories

A

Hippocampus

50
Q

Nondeclarative memories stored here

A

Cerebellum

51
Q

Fear related memories

A

Amygdala

52
Q

Loss of memory from injury backwards; past memory gone

A

Retrograde Amnesia

53
Q

Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

A

Infantile Amnesia

54
Q

Memory for events & facts, related to one’s personal life story

A

Autobiographical Memory

55
Q

Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal’s memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the ____
A. prefrontal cortex.
B. cerebellum.
C. amygdala.
D. posterior cingulate cortex.

A

C. amygdala.

56
Q

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound retrograde amnesia after his _____ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.
A. frontal lobes
B. amygdalae
C. hippocampi
D. thalami

A

C. hippocampi

General Pyschology (3 decks)

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