Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Active info from systems organizes and stores

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Mental operations; senses become usable; brain storage system

Answer 2

Encoding (Putting it in)

Question 3

Hold on to info period of time; seconds to lifetime

Answer 3

Storage (Keeping It In)

Question 4

From storage to retrieval

Answer 4

Retrieval (Getting It Out)

Question 5

Memory storage similar to computer processes; 3 stages

Answer 5

Information Processing Model

Question 6

Memory processes; same time; neural connections

Answer 6

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

Question 7

Deeply processed model; more efficient for a long period of time

Answer 7

Levels-of-processing Model

Question 8

Raw info; brief period of time

Answer 8

Sensory Memory

Question 9

Visual sensory memory; fraction of a second

Answer 9

Iconic Memory (George Sperling,1960)

Question 10

Visual memory; 30 seconds or more

Answer 10

Eidetic Imagery

Question 11

Auditory memory; 2-4 seconds

Answer 11

Echoic Memory

Question 12

Brief period of time while in use; 12-30 seconds

Answer 12

Short-term Memory (STM)

Question 13

Focus on one stimulus; ignore others

Answer 13

Selective Attention

Question 14

Active system; process info to STM

Answer 14

Working memory

Question 15

Numbers read, recall in order

Answer 15

Digit-span Test (George Miller)

Question 16

Remembering to maintain in STM “saying”

Answer 16

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 17

Info kept more or less permanently

Answer 17

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Question 18

“Rotating” info; repetition over-over

Answer 18

Rote

Question 19

Transfer from STM to LTM in a meaningful way

Answer 19

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 20

LTM to conditioned responses (skills, habits)

Answer 20

Nondeclarative Memory (implicit)

Question 21

Loss of memory due to injury; unable to develop new memories

Answer 21

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 22

LTM info conscious and known

Answer 22

Declarative Memory (explicit)

Question 23

Type of declarative; general knowledge/education

Answer 23

Semantic Memory

Question 24

Type of declarative; personal info

Answer 24

Episodic Memory

Question 25

Model (assumes) stored in connected fashion related concepts stored closer to each other

Answer 25

Semantic Network Model

Question 26

Memory first formed available when retrieved (location)

Answer 26

Encoding Specifity

Question 27

Pulled from memory; few external cues (essays, short answer)

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

Match stored info (image/fact) (multiple-choice)

Answer 28

Recognition

Question 29

Information at beginning & end remembered ONLY

Answer 29

Serial Position Effect

Question 30

Beginning remembered ONLY

Answer 30

Primacy Effect

Question 31

End remembered ONLY

Answer 31

Recency Effect

Question 32

Info enter LTM with no effort

Answer 32

Automatic Encoding

Question 33

Unexpected event; strong emotional associations

Answer 33

Flashbulb Memory

Question 34

Retrieval of memories (altered, revised, influenced)

Answer 34

Constructive Processing

Question 35

Falsely believe; revision of old to new "correctly predicted"

Answer 35

Hindsight Bias

Question 36

"Mis"leading info shown after event; altars memories

Answer 36

Misinformation Effect

Question 37

Creation of "false" memories; suggestions of others (hypnosis)

Answer 37

False-memory Syndrome

Question 38

Multiple-choice? ______ Essay?________

Answer 38

Recognition; Recall

Question 39

Less accurate in memory of type of sign than those given no information

Answer 39

Loftus 1978 Study (stop & yield signs)

Question 40

Forgetting within first hour after after learning a list

Answer 40

Curve of forgetting (Hermann Ebbinghaus)

Question 41

Including breaks between study periods

Answer 41

Distributed Practice

Question 42

Failure to process info into memory

Answer 42

Encoding Failure

Question 43

Psychical change in brain; memory formed

Answer 43

Memory Trace

Question 44

Loss of memory, after time; memory trace not in use

Answer 44

Decay

Question 45

Memories not used will decay and disappear

Answer 45

Disuse

Question 46

Older info interferes with learning new info

Answer 46

Proactive Interference

Question 47

Newer info interferes with retrieving old info

Answer 47

Retroactive Interference

Question 48

Changes in structure and fxn of neurons; memory formed

Answer 48

Consolidation

Question 49

Responsible for formation of long-term declarative memories

Answer 49

Hippocampus

Question 50

Nondeclarative memories stored here

Answer 50

Cerebellum

Question 51

Fear related memories

Answer 51

Amygdala

Question 52

Loss of memory from injury backwards; past memory gone

Answer 52

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 53

Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

Answer 53

Infantile Amnesia

Question 54

Memory for events & facts, related to one's personal life story

Answer 54

Autobiographical Memory

Question 55

Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal’s memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the ____ A. prefrontal cortex. B. cerebellum. C. amygdala. D. posterior cingulate cortex.

Answer 55

C. amygdala.

Question 56

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound retrograde amnesia after his _____ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures. A. frontal lobes B. amygdalae C. hippocampi D. thalami

Answer 56

C. hippocampi