Chapter 8- Digestive

Question 1

Inflammation of gums

Can lead to periodontitis

Answer 1

Gingivitis

Question 2

Etiology:
Plaque builds up at base of teeth, forms pocket that is a food trap
Treatment:
Removal of plaque and calculus

Answer 2

Gingivitis

Question 3

Medical terms:

Around

Answer 3

Peri

Question 4

Medical term:

Odont

Answer 4

Teeth

Question 5

Destructive gum and bone disease around teeth

Pocket forms, exposes root, leads to sensitivity to temperature extremes

Answer 5

Periodontitis

Question 6

Etiology:
Gingivitis 
Diagnosis:
X-rays, measure depth of pockets 
Treatment:
Sometimes surgery (gingivectomy)

Answer 6

Periodontitis

Question 7

Faulty bite

Answer 7

Malocclusion

Question 8

Caused by protrusion or recession of jaw; maxillary and mandibular teeth do not align properly

Answer 8

Malocclusion

Question 9

Etiology:
Inherited or early loss of primary teeth
Diagnosis:
Exam and X-ray 
Treatment:
Brace, removal of teeth; removal of portions of the jaw

Answer 9

Malocclusion

Question 10

Inflammation of the join between the mandible and the temporal bones

Answer 10

Tenporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ)

Question 11

Causes limited motion and clicking sounds
Etiology:
Many causes
Diagnosis:
Exam, history, X-rays
Treatment:
Immobilization, appliances, cortisone injections.

Answer 11

Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ)

Question 12

Canker sores

Answer 12

Aphthous ulcers

Question 13

Cold sores

Viral infection (HSV-1)
On lips or mouth

Answer 13

Herpes simplex

Question 14

Fungal infection, yellow patches in mouth

Answer 14

Thrush

Question 15

White plaque caused by friction in mouth

Answer 15

Leukoplakia

Question 16

Regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into esophagus (heartburn)

Answer 16

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 17

Etiology:
Weight gain, pregnancy, overeating 
Diagnosis:
Barium swallow, endoscopy 
Treatment:
Raise head of bed, antacids 
H2-receptor antagonist (H2 blockers) or proton pump inhibitor

Answer 17

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 18

Varicose veins of esophagus

Answer 18

Esophageal varices

Question 19

Can rupture (hemorrhage)
Etiology:
Frequent complication of cirrhosis of the liver
Treatment:
Stop bleeding with ice water lavage, or epigastric tamponade

Answer 19

Esophageal varices

Question 20

Stomach ulcer

Answer 20

Gastric ulcer

Question 21

Small intestine ulcer

Most common type of peptic ulcer

Answer 21

Duodenal ulcer

Question 22

Complication of internal bleeding

Or perforation of stomach or intestinal wall which allows contents to leak in abdominal cavity

Answer 22

Mucus membrane breaks down due to peptic ulcer

Question 23

Symptoms:
Often asymptomatic, sometimes weight loss, nausea, anorexia occurs
Etiology:
H. Pylori, genetic, dietary

Answer 23

Gastric cancer

Question 24

Diagnosis:
X-rays, endoscopy, cytology, CT scan, ultrasound
Treatment:
Surgery ( gastric resection or gastrectomy), radiation, chemo

Answer 24

Gastric cancer

Question 25

Inflammation of the appendix

Answer 25

Acute appendicitis

Question 26

Symptoms: Pain in RLQ, fever, nausea, diarrhea or constipation Etiology: idiopathic Diagnosis: McBurney's point tenderness; (rebound tenderness); leukocytosis Treatment: Appendectomy

Answer 26

Acute appendicitis

Question 27

Upper part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thoracic cavity, weakening of muscle Treatment: Relieve symptoms

Answer 27

Hiatal hernia

Question 28

Inguinal and umbilical; weak spot in the muscles of the abdominal wall Treatment: May require heniorrhaphy

Answer 28

Abdominal hernia

Question 29

Chronic inflammatory disease; ileitis

Answer 29

Crohn disease

Question 30

Regional enteritis

Answer 30

Crohn disease

Question 31

All layers of the bowel wall are edematous and inflamed

Answer 31

Crohn disease

Question 32

Multiple symptoms: Most severe are malnutrition, fissures and fistulas, bowel obstruction Etiology: Unknown Diagnosis: X-rays, blood tests, colonoscopy Treatment: No cure, treat symptoms, resection may be required

Answer 32

Crohn disease

Question 33

``` Left colon disease Contagious Mostly mucosal Ulcerations Blood present No fat Frequent liquid stools Mild abdominal pain No abdominal masses ```

Answer 33

Ulcerative colitis

Question 34

``` Distal ileum, right colon Noncontagious Transmural Cobblestone effect, granulomas No blood present Steatorrhea 3-5 semi soft stools a day RLQ pain/ cramping Mass common RLQ ```

Answer 34

Crohn disease

Question 35

``` Anemia Arthritis Liver disease Iritis, conjunctivitis Stomatitis Thrombophlebitis Surgery when bad response to med tx Curative ```

Answer 35

Ulcerative colitis

Question 36

``` Anemia Malabsorption Arthritis Hepatobiliary disease Iritis, conjunctivitis Kidney stones Surgery when complications Noncurative, high rate of recurrence ```

Answer 36

Crohn disease

Question 37

``` Inflammation of rectum and colon Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, cramps, mucous stools Treatment: Diet, surgical removal ```

Answer 37

Ulcerative colitis

Question 38

Travelers diarrhea Complication is dehydration Treatment: Antiemetics

Answer 38

Gastroenteritis

Question 39

Telescoping of one portion of bowel into adjacent part

Answer 39

Intussusception

Question 40

Twisting of bowel on itself= blockage Complication is infraction Treatment: Surgery

Answer 40

Volvulus

Question 41

Ileus | No peristalsis

Answer 41

Non-mechanical obstruction

Question 42

Outpouches (diverticula) in the distal part of the colon (sigmoid)

Answer 42

Diverticulosis

Question 43

``` Symptoms: Asymptomatic Etiology: Diet lacking in roughage/fiber and excessive amounts of highly refined foods Diagnosis: X-ray (barium enema) Treatment: Diet-adequate fluids and roughage ```

Answer 43

Diverticulosis

Question 44

Inflammation and infection of diverticula | Can cause complications: adhesions, abscesses and fistulas

Answer 44

Diverticulitis

Question 45

``` Etiology: Lack of dietary bulk, low fluids Diagnosis: Blood tests and sigmoidoscopy Treatment: Antibiotics, antispasmodics, short term liquid diet, sometimes requires surgery ```

Answer 45

Diverticulitis

Question 45

Cancer of colon or rectum

Answer 45

Colorectal cancer

Question 46

Symptoms: Blood in stool; positive guaiac Etiology: Over 50 years, hereditary, history of adenomas, red meat Diagnosis: Test for occult blood, X-ray, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy Treatment: Resection, colostomy, chemo, and radiation

Answer 46

Colorectal cancer

Question 47

Serious membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Answer 47

Peritoneum

Question 48

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Answer 48

Peritonitis

Question 49

``` Can lead to abscesses and adhesions, septicemia, shock, or death Etiology: Usually bacterial infection Diagnosis: X-ray, aspiration of fluid is cloudy Treatment: Antibiotics, IV fluids, surgery ```

Answer 49

Peritonitis

Question 50

Chronic degeneration, irreversible Fibrous scar tissue (hobnail liver) replaces normal liver cells Can lead to hepatic failure and death

Answer 50

Cirrhosis of the liver

Question 51

Etiology: Most common cause is alcoholism Diagnosis: Enlarged liver, X-ray, more liver enzymes Treatment: Remove cause, diuretics, liver transplant

Answer 51

Cirrhosis of the liver

Question 52

Caused by virus (HAV); oral-fecal route Symptoms: Jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool, enlarged liver Treatment: Rest, immune globulin ( passive immunity)

Answer 52

Hepatitis A

Question 53

Also know as HBV Transmitted through percutaneous and perimucosal routes with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva Diagnosis: Blood test Treatment: Most cases become self-limiting; some become chronic carriers

Answer 53

Hepatitis B

Question 54

Caused by HCV virus; blood born Symptoms: similar to hep A ; but often asymptomatic Widespread epidemic, most common blood born infection in US

Answer 54

Hepatitis C

Question 55

Condition of gallstones Diagnosis: Cholecystogram or cholangiogram Treatment: diet, cholecystectomy, ESWL

Answer 55

Cholelithiasis

Question 56

``` Inflammation of the gallbladder Symptoms: Acute colicky pain, RUQ Etiology: Obstructed biliary duct ```

Answer 56

Cholecystitis

Question 57

Acute or chronic; acute is a life-threatening emergency Etiology: gallstones, alcoholism, metabolic

Answer 57

Pancreatitis

Question 58

Adenocarcinoma Treatment: Palliative; prognosis is poor

Answer 58

Pancreatic cancer

Question 59

Celiac Sprue

Answer 59

Celiac disease

Question 60

Gluten enteropathy | Disease of small intestine with malabsorption; damage to lining

Answer 60

Celiac disease