Chapter 8 - Environmental pollutants

Question 1

Used in a large variety of applications such as dielectric and heat transfer fluids, lubricating oils, plasticizers, wax extenders, and flame retardants

Answer 1

polychlorinated biphenyl/coplanar biphenyls (PCB)

Question 2

These chemicals are highly metabolized and very resistant to environmental degradation; they accumulate in food chains.

Answer 2

PCB

Question 3

major source of PCB residues in humans

Answer 3

food

Question 4

Manifestations of PCB

Answer 4

dermatologic problems ( erythema, dryness, rash, hyperpigmentation; hepatic involvement and elevated plasma triglycerides.

Question 5

received attention because of their estrogen-like or androgenic properties

Answer 5

endocrine disruptors

Question 6

compounds that affect thyroid functions

Answer 6

endocrine disruptors

Question 7

These chemicals mimic, enhance, or inhibit a hormonal action.

Answer 7

endocrine disruptors

Question 8

They include a number of plant constituents (phytoestrogens) and some mycoestrogens as well as industrial chemicals, particularly persistent organochlorine agents such as DDT and PCB.

Answer 8

endocrine disruptors

Question 9

2nd most naturally occurring in the earth’s crust

Answer 9

silica

Question 10

they are smaller than 5mcu

Answer 10

silica

Question 11

management of silica exposure

Answer 11

epinephrines, bronchodilators

Question 12

causes fibrosis of the lymph nodes

Answer 12

silica

Question 13

they are known to cause progressive lung disease that is characterized by a fibrotic process.

Answer 13

asbestos

Question 14

they increase the incidence of asbestos-caused lung cancer in synergistic fashon.

Answer 14

smoking

exposure to radon daughters

Question 15

5 substances that cause 98% air pollution

Answer 15

CO -52%
sulfur oxides - 14%
hydrocarbons - 14%
nitrogen oxides - 14%
particulate matter - 4%

Question 16

colorless, tasteless, odorless, and nonirritating gas, a by product of incomplete combustion.

Answer 16

CO

Question 17

• combines reversibly with the oxygen-binding sites of hemoglobin than of oxygen.
• product formed

Answer 17

• CO

- carboxyhemoglobin

Question 18

it interferes with the dissociation of oxygen from the remaining oxyhemoglobin thus reducing the transfer of oxygen to tissues.

Answer 18

carboxyhemoglobin

Question 19

manifestations of CO

Answer 19

psychomotor impairment
headache and tightness of temporal area
confusion and loss of visual acuity
tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, coma
deep coma, convulsions, shock, and respiratory failure

Question 20

tx of CO

Answer 20

removal of exposure
oxygen
hyperbaric oxygen chamber for severely poisoned patients

Question 21

colorless, irritant gas generated by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels.

Answer 21

sulfur dioxide

Question 22

principal site of effect of SO2

Answer 22

Upper resp tract (URT)

Question 23

SO2 forms ____ in contact with moist membranes

Answer 23

sulfurous acid

Question 24

__% of inhaled SO2 are absorbed in the __

Answer 24

• 90%

- URT

Question 25

inhalation causes bronchial constriction; parasympathetic reflexes and altered smoothed muscle tone.

Answer 25

SO2

Question 26

Manifestations of SO2

Answer 26

irritation of throat,nose, eyes reflex bronchoconstriction -acute asthmatic episode -chronic pulmonary disease

Question 27

a brownish irritant gas sometimes associated with fires. it is formed also from fresh silage

Answer 27

nitrogen oxides (NO2)

Question 28

exposure of farmers to NO2 in the confines of silo can lead to ________

Answer 28

silo-filler's disease

Question 29

A relatively insoluble deep lung irritant capable of producing pulmonary edema.

Answer 29

NO2

Question 30

MOA: the type 1 cells of the alveoli appear to be the cells chiefly affected on acute exposure. At higher exposure, both type 1 and 2 alveolar cells are damaged.

Answer 30

NO2

Question 31

Acute exposure of NO2

Answer 31

- irritation of eyes and nose - cough - mucoid or frothy production - dyspnea - chest pain - pulmonary edema (w/in 1-2 hrs.)

Question 32

Severe or chronic exposure of NO2

Answer 32

- recurring pulmonary edema - fibrotic destruction terminal bronchioles (bronchitis obliterans) - emphysema

Question 33

TX of NO2

Answer 33

- oxygenation and alveolar ventilation - bronchodilators - sedatives - antibiotics

Question 34

A bluish irritant gas that occurs normally at the earth's atmosphere

Answer 34

ozone (o3)

Question 35

an important absorbent of UV light and important oxidant found in polluted urban air

Answer 35

O3

Question 36

occurs around high-voltage electrical equipment.

Answer 36

Ozone

Question 37

used for air and water purification

Answer 37

ozone-producing devices

Question 38

Manifestations of ozone

Answer 38

irritant in the mucous membranes mild - URTI severe - deep lung irritation w/ pulmonary edema chronic fibrosis, fibrosis and emphysematous changes