Chapter 8 final

Question 1

Emphasizes there char. of the person as a determinant of friendship

Answer 1

dispositional level of analysis

Question 2

Emphasizes the diff. positions of women and men in society

Answer 2

Structural level of analysis

Question 3

There at least 2 levels of analyses to the study of gender and friendship:

Answer 3

Dispositional level of analysis

Structural level of analysis

Question 4

n example of structural level of analysis is the research showing that men have more cross-sex relationships than women, why?

Answer 4

bc men are more likely than women to work outside the home

Question 5

The situational variables on gender and friendships are

Answer 5

quantity and quality

Question 6

refers to the # of friends of the size of network

Answer 6

quantity

Question 7

refers to the nature of the friendship (intimate/close)

Answer 7

quality

Question 8

——- are more likely to interact in dyads and to spend time talking to one another where as—— are more likely to spend time in large groups that are focused on some activity

Answer 8

Girls

boys

Question 9

girls primary social network=

boys primary social network+

Answer 9

G=consisted of friends

B=both friends and none friends

Question 10

what is one reason why it is difficult to determine if there are sex-differences in the size of friendship networks is

Answer 10

that the concept of friend may differ for women and men

Question 11

it is likely/unlikely that network size differs vastly b.w. girls and boys b/w women and men

Answer 11

unlikely

Question 12

it may appear sometimes that boys have more friends than girls, because

Answer 12

boys play in larger groups than girls

Question 13

boys view friendships as ——— : a friend is someone with whom you do things

girls view friendship as more —— : a friend is someone with whom you connect

Answer 13

instrumental

emotional

Question 14

study of college students show that females find more —— in their friendships compared to males, whereas males find more ——— in their friendships compared to females

Answer 14

intimacy

companionship

Question 15

We begin to find a dispositional element of sex coming into play:

Answer 15

women self-disclose in same sex relationship

men less self-disclosing in sam-sex relationship but may be more disclosing in cross sex relationships

Question 16

Women rate ———– of a relationship to be more important

Answer 16

affective aspects

Question 17

Women believe in ———–, making a person feel good about themselves

Answer 17

comforting

Question 18

men rate —— one another, casual conversation and conveying information

Answer 18

entertaining

Question 19

The difference of men and women may be increased by ————–

Answer 19

gender schema influence

Question 20

woman’s friendships are more——- compared to men, largely due to the emphasis on ——–

Answer 20

communal

self-disclosure

Question 21

question/issue: whether the ————- varies from females to males

Answer 21

nature of the shared activities

Question 22

The expressive/instrumental distinction in the nature of female and males friendships also has been linked to potential differences in the ways females and males provide support….women are more likely to respond to others’ probs. by ———- and men respond to others’ probe by ———

Answer 22

offering sympathy

offering advice

Question 23

women and men may be confirming ———–

Answer 23

gender-role stereotypes

Question 24

both men and women rate ——- as important element in friendship

Answer 24

self-disclosure

Question 25

men define themselves as ------- and society define women on -----------

Answer 25

who they are | how they are supposed to act

Question 26

Story of the african american males= women have ------- relationships (this is mutual exchanges)

Answer 26

reciprocal relationships

Question 27

both men and women want a friend who is:

Answer 27

- trustworthy - source of support - source of fun and relaxation - are likely to perceive themselves as similar to their friend - spend a substantial amount of time in convo with their friends - Egalitarianism

Question 28

in the study of rating which to be more important amongst men and women, they both agreed that the

Answer 28

affective aspects of friendship were more important than the instrumental aspects of friendship

Question 29

------------- is another important features of friendship for both men and women

Answer 29

Egalitarianism (which is more favorable bc it is more equal)

Question 30

friendship by def. implies-

Answer 30

equal status

Question 31

The primary diff. in the nature of men's and women's friendships is that an activity is the focus of men's ---------- and ------------ in the focus of women's interactions.

Answer 31

interactions | conversation

Question 32

It is clear that female friendships are more communal than males, but the sex diff. in the ---------- friendship is less clear. men and women may spend time sharing activities in diff. ways so that shared activities are more----- for wmn than men

Answer 32

instrumental | intimate

Question 33

Although some of these findings generalize to diff. cultures, there are ethnic diff in friendship within the US. the female emphasis on ------ and the male lack of ------ are more characteristic of ------- friendships than the friendships of --------

Answer 33

self-disclosure self disclosure white people's ethnic groups

Question 34

Friendship: wmn= men=

Answer 34

internal variables | external variables

Question 35

Story of African AMerican males:

Answer 35

women have reciprocal relationships

Question 36

Research Measure: | Problem-man and women define the same concepts diff and this scale is

Answer 36

bias towards women def.

Question 37

Which form is used most for the friendship scaling and who was it made by?

Answer 37

Acquaintance Description Form(13 scales that help define friendships)

Question 38

This is a real time examination of meaningfulness of interactions in your life to describe the nature of social interactions on a day-to-day or moment-to-moment basis Typical report:

Answer 38

Rochester Interactions Record (RIR) 7-8=10 min interactions during the avg day

Question 39

using RIR Ries,Senchak, & Solomon, 1985) findings suggested what design was this?

Answer 39

1. women's accounts were more intimate than mens 2. women and men are equally capable of intimacy, men prefer not to behave as intimately as women mixed, qualitative and qualitative

Question 40

What does cross-cultural research suggest, and why

Answer 40

some of the sex diff. in intimacy are a western phenomenon in the 3 western cultures men were more intimate w/women than w/men or were equally intimate to men and women TF the link of intimacy to WOMEN appears to be a facet of western culture

Question 41

What was one problem to the conclusion that women's relationships are closer than those of men in US has to do with

Answer 41

the way the closeness of intimacy is measured

Question 42

how is intamacy often measured?

Answer 42

by self-disclosure, and wmn self-disclose more than men. Intimacy (feminine)=self-disclosure (masculine) B/c women may be more likely to express intimacy through self-disclosure, and men may be more likely to express intimacy through activities than there would be less evidence for women's friendships being more intimate than those of men

Question 43

why might men not have or not have close relationships? Have; Not have;

Answer 43

``` Have- -defense of terr. -hunting -maintaining good social order -(biological aspect of why men do have friendships) Not have; -fearing affiliation with men -competition; hyper-competition, enjoyment of competition and personal development (ok) -social comparison; non-hostile -homophobia -emotional inexpressiveness ```

Question 44

females also engage in a form of self-disclosure with friends that is referred to as

Answer 44

co-rumination

Question 45

what is co-rumination:

Answer 45

repeatedly discusiing problems, including the causes, the consequences, and negative feelings, with a friend

Question 46

co-rumination is related to -------- but also related to

Answer 46

a higher friendship quality | greater anxiety and depression

Question 47

There are many situation variables that effect self-disclosure:

Answer 47

- motivated to self-disclosure - future interaction - men who score high on masculinity scales self-disclose to women more

Question 48

men will not disclose if revealing

Answer 48

weakness or showing vulnerabilities is involved

Question 49

in one study women are viewed as what if they disclose

Answer 49

healthy

Question 50

-------------- also affect disclosure

Answer 50

situational variables males scored high in disclosing with a female if there was to be later interaction, if no later interaction than the disclosure towards male and females for men were the same

Question 51

Male friendships were more ------- competitive than female friendships

Answer 51

overly female friendships can be competitive but is not as direct or overt

Question 52

there are 3 kinds of competition:

Answer 52

hypercompetition non-hostile social comparison enojoyment of competition

Question 53

Hypercompetition related?

Answer 53

involves an intense desire to win at all costs without any regard to effect an opponent -more conflict and less closeness in friendships for both boys and girls

Question 54

non-hostile social comparison related?

Answer 54

when we compare our achievement to that of another but without anger , hostility or jealousy -was related to more friendship closeness for boys

Question 55

enjoyment of competition related?

Answer 55

reflects an intense engagement in competitive activity -unrelated to friendship depended on the nature of the competition

Question 56

defined at the fear of homosexuality or the fear of appearing homosexual

Answer 56

homophobia

Question 57

Who has more conflict in friendship; males or females-

Answer 57

females

Question 58

why is there more conflict in female relationships than male friendship

Answer 58

-females have more difficulty resolving conflict compared to males, they may express their distress in more subtle ways

Question 59

women have --------- (type of conflict) in their friendships

Answer 59

relational aggression

Question 60

when it comes to conflict women

Answer 60

accomodate and compromise, when the do assert themselves that are more likely to give a rational

Question 61

men respond to conflict by asserting

Answer 61

their own interest and more hostile strategies

Question 62

Cross sex friendships who has more as they get older? what are the dynamics?

Answer 62

growing men sim. dynamics as same sex relationships. personality traits the same