Chapter 8: Human Development

Question 1

The older you are__________

Answer 1

the faster the years seem to go

Question 2

What processes are humans apart of?

Answer 2

1. Biological Processes
2. Cognitive Processes
3. Socioemotional Processes

Question 3

The Prenatal Development stages are?

Answer 3

1. Germinal Period (Weeks 1 to 2)
   -conception
   -zygote
2. Embryonic Period (Weeks 3 to 8)
   -differentiation of tissue
   -organ formation
3. Fetal Period (Months 2 to 9)
   -development of functionality

Question 4

What is a teratogen?

Answer 4

An agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

Question 5

What happens in an infant’s brain?

Answer 5

-Myelination continues after birth
-Synaptic overproduction
-Eventual synaptic pruning

Question 6

When you’re aging, you’re ___________ is maturing

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex

Question 7

What is the cellular clock theory?

Answer 7

-Maximum number ofcelldivisions possible

-Predicts human life span of about 120 years

-Shortening telomeres Free-

Radical Theory

-cause DNA and cell damage

Hormonal Stress Theory
-stress hormones linger longer

Question 8

What is the Radical Theory?

Answer 8

Cause DNA and cell damage

Question 9

What is the Hormonal Stress Theory?

Answer 9

Stress hormones linger longer

Question 10

Where do some new brain cells grow?

Answer 10

hippocampus and olfactory bulb

Question 11

Jean Piaget did what from 1896 to 1980?

Answer 11

he worked on children’s cognitive development using:

-schemas
(Concepts or frameworks that organize information)

-assimilation
(Incorporate new info intro existing schemas)

-accommodation
(Adjust schemas to new information)

Question 12

What is Piaget’s Theory? (Different stages)

Answer 12

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years)
-coordinate sensations with movements

Pre-operational Stage (2 to 7 years)
-good reasoning and thinking
-they think they’re the center of the universe

Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
-operational thinking
-logical reasoning in concrete contexts

Formal Operational Stage (11 to 15 years)
-lasts through adulthood
-abstract and idealistic thought
-hypothetical- deductive reasoning

Question 13

What stage lasts through 0-2 years in children?

Answer 13

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 14

What stage lasts through 2-7 years?

Answer 14

Pre-Operational Stage

Question 15

What stage lasts through 7-11 years?

Answer 15

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 16

What stage lasts through 11-15 years?

Answer 16

Formal Operational Stage

Question 17

What are the three clusters of temperament?

Answer 17

1. Easy
2. Difficult
3. Slow-to-Warm-up

Question 18

What is infant attachment?

Answer 18

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
May provide foundation for the baby to love others when it grows up

Question 19

What did John Bowlby say about infant attachment?

Answer 19

infant attachement lays foundation for all future relationships

Question 20

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) believed what

Answer 20

-eight psychosocial stages of development
-each stage represents a developmental task
-results in either a personal competence or a weakness

Question 21

What are the 1st and 2nd steps to Erikson’s theory?

Answer 21

Stage 1: trust vs. mistrust
(Basic needs met by sensitive caregivers) Birth to age 2
Stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
(Discover and assert will of their own) age 2 to 5

Question 22

what are the 3rd and 4th steps to Erikson’s theory?

Answer 22

Stage 3: initiative versus guilt
(Challenged to assume responsibility) ages kindergarten to 2nd

Stage 4: industry versus inferiority (Mastering knowledge and intellectual skills) ages 3rd -5th grade

Question 23

What is the Authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 23

-parents are controlling and punititve

-correlated with child’s lack of initiative, poor communication skills, social incompetence

Question 24

What is the Authoritative parenting style?

Answer 24

-parents encourage independence with limits

-correlated with child’s social competence, social responsibility

Question 25

What is the Neglectful parenting style?

Answer 25

-parents generally uninvolved -correlated with less social competence and poor self-control in child

Question 26

What is the Permissive parenting style?

Answer 26

-parents are involved, but place few poor -correlated with child’s poor social competence, lack of respect for others

Question 28

What is the 5th stage of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 28

Identity versus Identity Confusion (who am I and where am I going)

Question 29

Who made the four identity statuses?

Answer 29

Marcia

Question 30

What is Identity Diffusion?

Answer 30

no exploration or commitment

Question 31

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Answer 31

commitment without exploration

Question 32

What is Identity Moratorium?

Answer 32

exploration without commitment

Question 33

What is Identity Achievement?

Answer 33

Commitment after exploration

Question 34

What is Ethnic Identity?

Answer 34

attachment to one’s minority group

Question 35

What are the five key features when emerging adulthood?

Answer 35

1. Identity exploration 2. Instability 3. Self-focus 4. Feeling “in between” 5. Age of possibilities

Question 36

What is Erikson’s 6th stage?

Answer 36

Intimacy versus Isolation

Question 37

What are some principles for successful marriages?

Answer 37

-nurturing fondness and admiration -turning toward each other as friends -giving up some power solving conflicts together

Question 38

What is Erikson’s stage 7?

Answer 38

Generativity versus Stagnation -legacy:assist younger generation -wellness through contribution to next generation contribution through rearing children

Question 39

What is Erikson’s stage 8?

Answer 39

Integrity versus Despair (What have I done with my life?) -importance of meaning: past and present -more selective about social network -increase in positive emotions

Question 40

Kohlberg did what?

Answer 40

he presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responses

Question 41

What are the 3 things Kohlberg believed?

Answer 41

-Pre conventional Behavior guided by punishments and rewards (rules) -Conventional Standards learned from parents and society (norms/ expectations) -Post-conventional Contacts, rights, and abstract principles (own your own values)

Question 42

What are Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Dying?

Answer 42

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance