chapter 8: joints Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
what are 3 types of joints
A
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
2
Q
3 functional classifications of joints
A
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
3
Q
describe synarthroses
A
immovable joints
4
Q
describe amphiarthroses
A
slightly moveable joints
5
Q
describe diarthroses
A
freely moveable joints
6
Q
freely moveable joints predominate the … skeleton
A
appendicular
7
Q
immoveable and slightly moveable joints are largely restricted to … skeleton
A
axial
8
Q
fibrous joints are …
A
immovable
9
Q
synovial joints are …
A
freely moveable
10
Q
3 types of fibrous joints
A
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
11
Q
describe fibrous joints
A
- joined by collagen fibers of connective tissues
- no joint cavity present
- movement depends on length of connective tissue fibers
- mostly immovable, some are moveable
12
Q
describe sutures
A
- occur between bones of skull
- filled by minimal amount if very short connective tissue
13
Q
during middle age, fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse as 1. the closed sutures are called …
A
synostoses (bony junctions)
14
Q
describe syndesmoses
A
- bones are connected by ligaments (cords/bands of fibrous tissue)
- movement depends on length of connecting fibers
15
Q
describe gomphoses
A
- peg in socket fibrous joint
- tooth on bony alveolar tissue
- peridontal ligament holds tooth in place
16
Q
describe cartilaginous joints
A
- articulating bones are united by cartilage
- lack joint cavity
- not highly moveable
17
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses
symphysis
18
Q
describe synchondroses
A
- bones united by hyaline cartilage
- synarthrotic (immovable)
19
Q
example of synchondroses
A
epiphyseal plates in children
- they are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses
20
Q
describe symphyses
A
- bones united by fibrocartilage
- allows minimal movement at the joint
- hyaline cartilage present at the articular cartilages
- amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
21
Q
example of symphyses
A
- intervertebral joints
- pubic symphysis of pelvis
22
Q
what is a synovial joint
A
articulating bones that are separated by a fluid- containing joint cavity
23
Q
all synovial joints are …
A
freely moveable diarthroses
24
Q
general structure of synovial joints (6)
A
- articular cartilage
- joint (articular) cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- reinforcing ligaments
- nerves and blood vessels
25
explain articular cartilage of synovial joints
- glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the articular cartilage
- keep bone ends from being crushed
26
explain joint (articular) joints of synovial joints
- unique to synovial joints
- has small amount of synovial fluid
- it is a potential space, explants when fluid accumulates
27
explain articular capsule of synovial joint
- encloses joint cavity
- has tough external fibrous layer made of dense irregular
- inner layer of loose connective, covers internal joints surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage
28
explain synovial fluid of synovial joint
- occupies all free speace withing the joint capsules
- fluid is derived from filtration of blood flow through capillaries
- provides slippery, weight bearing film the reduces friction between cartilage
29
what is weeping lubrication
synovial fluid comes out when cartilage is compressed, then fluid seeps back into cartilage when joint is relieved
30
explain reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints
- mostly capsular ligaments: thickened part of fibrous layer
- extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
31
explain nerves and blood vessels of synovial joints
- detects pain
32
fatty pads of synovial joints are found in..
hip and knee joints
33
function of articular discs, or menisci
- partially or completely divides the synovial cavity in two
- improves the fit between articulating bone ends
34
what is bursae and where do they occur
- flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
- where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
35
what is tendon sheath
- elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction
- common where tendons are crowded together within crowded narrow canals (like wrist)
36
3 factors influencing stability of synovial cavities
- shapes of articular surfaces
- number and position of ligaments
- muscle tone
37
movements allowed by synovial joints
38
the muscles origin is attached to the ... ...
immovable bone
39
the insertion is attached to the .. ...
moveable bones
40
3 ranges of motion
- non axial (gliding only)
- biaxial (movement in 2 planes)
- multiaxial (in or around all 3 planes)
41
6 categories of synovial joints
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket
42
5 examples of the diversity of synovial joints
- temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- shoulder (gleanohumeral) joint
- elbow joint
- hip joint
- knee joint
43
3 common joint injuries
- cartilage tears
- sprains
- dislocations
44
when do cartilage tears occur and how to treat
- meniscus is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time
- recommend damaged cartilage to be remove dby arthroscopic surgery
45
when do sprains happen, common sites and how to treat
- when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
- common sites: ankle, knee, lumbar region
- torn ends can be sewn together, replace with grafts, time and immobilization
46
when do dislocations occur, common sites, how to treat
- when bones are forced out of alignment
- accompanied by sprain, inflammation and difficulty moving joint
- common sites: jaw, shoulders, fingers, thumbs
- bone must be put back, reduced, by physician
47
what is sublexion
partial dislocation
48
list 6 inflammation conditions that affect joints
- bursitis and tendonitis
- arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- gouty arthritis
- lyme disease
49
bursitis is caused by... and can be treated by
- falling on knee or prolonged leaning on elbow
- injecting anti inflammatory drugs into bursa
- removing fluid by needle aspiration
50
explain tendonitis
-inflammation of tendon sheaths
- caused by overuse
- treated by rest, ice, anti- inflammatory drugs
51
explain arthritis, symptoms, treated by
- inflammatory or degenerative diseases tgat damage the joints
- pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
- antibiotics
52
explain osteosarthritis, what happens, how to treat
- most common, wear and tear arthritis
- bone tissue thickens and forms bony spurs that enlarge bone ends and restrict movement
- causes crepitus, crunching noise while moving
- aspirin or acetaminophen
53
explain rheumatoid arthritis, common sites
- chronic inflammatory disorder
- joint tenderness and stiffness
- fingers, wrists, ankles, feet
54
explain gouty arthritis, how to treat
- when blood levels of uric acid rise excessivly
- articulating bone fuses and immobilize the joint
- drink plenty water and avoid alcohol
55
explain lyme disease
- bite from tick that live on mice and deer
- pain in the knees
- skin rash, foggy brain, flu like symptoms
