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ant204: Sociocultural Anthropology > Chapter 8: Kinship, Family, Marriage > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Kinship, Family, Marriage Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Kinship

A
  • used to describe culturally recognized ties between members of a family
  • includes the terms, or social statuses, used to define family members and the roles or expected behaviours family associated with these statuses
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2
Q

Consanguineal Kin

A

relatives through “blood”

ex. parents and children

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3
Q

Affinal Kin

A

relatives through marriage

ex. in-laws

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4
Q

Lineal Kin

A

direct ancestors and descendants

ex. child, parent, grandparent, great-grandparent

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5
Q

Collateral Kin

A

related but parallel lines of descent

ex. everyone except parents and grandparents (siblings, nephews, nieces, aunts, uncles, and cousins)

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6
Q

Parallel Cousins

A

mother’s sister’s kids and father’s brother’s kids

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7
Q

Cross Cousin

A

mother’s brother’s kids and father’s sister’s kids

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8
Q

Theories of Incest Prohibition

A
  1. Genetic theory
  2. Degeneration theory
  3. Family harmony theory (Freud, Malinowski)
  4. Aversion theory (Westermarck)
  5. Social cooperation theory (Tylor)
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9
Q

Functions of Marriage

A

Edmund Leach (1955) marriage assigns, defines, and organizes:
1. Parental legitimacy
2. Sexual access
3. Labour
4. Property
5. Inheritance
6. Affinal relations

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10
Q

Marriage Rules

A
  1. Exogamy
  2. Endogamy
  3. Prescriptive rules
  4. Preferential rules
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11
Q

Exogamy

A

marrying outside cultural group or caste

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12
Q

Endogamy

A

marrying within cultural group or caste

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13
Q

Prescriptive Rules

A

marrying specific people said by family

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14
Q

Preferential Rules

A

marrying based on economic or social status, age, education, character

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15
Q

Monogamy

A
  • strict: one partner forever (ex. Catholic Church)
  • serial: marrying one person at a time
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16
Q

Polygamy

A
  • polygyny: man with multiple wives
  • polyandry: woman with multiple husbands (fraternal polyandry: brothers marrying one woman)
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17
Q

3 Marital Transfer of Wealth and Rights

A
  1. Bridewealth
  2. Brideservice
  3. Dowry
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18
Q

Bridewealth

A
  • husband’s family gives gifts to wife’s family to maintain alliance
  • insurance against divorce
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19
Q

Brideservice

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A

husband has to work for wife’s family before marrying her

20
Q

Dowry

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A
  • gifts go to husband’s family
  • women seen as an economic burden
  • non-fertility could lead to divorce
21
Q

5 Post-Marital Residences

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A
  1. Patrilocal (virilocal)
  2. Matrilocal (uxorilocal)
  3. Bilocal (ambilocal)
  4. Neolocal
  5. Avunculocal
22
Q

Patrilocal (virilocal)

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A

living with or near husband’s family

ex. Yanomamo, BaKgatla

23
Q

Matrilocal (uxorilocal)

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A

living with or near wife’s family

ex. Apache, Hopi (USA), Ashanti

24
Q

Bilocal (ambilocal)

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A
  • live with either side of the family back and forth
  • brideservice society

ex. Ju/’hoansi, Maya

25
Neolocal
living away from family ex. industrial, urban society
26
Avunculocal
living with husband's mother's brother's family ex. Trobriand Islanders
27
Basic Domestic Social Groupings
* family * household
28
Family
* group or network of related people * couple with or without kids and single parents
29
Household
* basic residential units of society * can contain members with different lineages
30
Nuclear Family
* parents who are in a culturally-recognized relationship * family of orientation = family born into * family of procreation = family you make * common in hunter gather societies ex. marriage, along with their minor or dependent children
31
Extended Family
* a family of at least three-generations sharing a household * stem (living w/ grandparents) and joint (living w/ siblings) families * members have specialized jobs, economic, and defence unit * adaptable (wont break if someone leaves) * includes non-kin members
32
Industrial Family Forms
* new family forms, replaces the extended family in industrial society * nuclear family * single-parent * matrifocal * blended or modular * expanded
33
Descent Groups
* created by these kinship systems and provide members with a sense of identity and social support * unilineal * cognatic
34
Unilineal Descent
* descent through only one line or side of the family * patrilineal * matrilineal
35
Patrilineal
line of relationships between fathers and their children ex. Yanomamo, Nuer, China
36
Matrilineal
* line of relationships between mothers and their children * women are respected but men still have more authority ex. Iroquois, Trobriand, Ashanti, Minangkabau, Hopi
37
Cognatic Descent
* bilateral * ambilineal
38
Bilateral
descent from both the father's and the mother’s side of the family
39
Ambilineal
choosing own lineage
40
4 Unilineal Descent Groups
1. Lineages 2. Clans 3. Phratries 4. Moieties
41
Lineages
* unilineal descent groups * corporate descent group of consanguineal kin * can identify ancestral links * common ancestor can be demonstrated * owner of property or usufruct * unity based on practical concerns * assigns status to individuals within society * exogamous (with some exceptions)
42
Clans
* groupings of lineages - common descent is stipulated rather than demonstrated * hard to identify ancestral links * common ancestor is often a mythical figure: totemic ancestor (ex. Wolf, Bear, Turtle) * dispersed, non-corporate/symbolic unity via totem and ritual * reciprocal hospitality (ex. Six Nations/Iroquois) * exogamous: solves the problem of incest avoidance
43
Phratries
* three or more groupings of clans and arises from population growth and expansion * weak political or economic functions; BUT, are often exogamous ex. Hopi of Arizona have 9 phratries with 3-7 clans in each (exogamous)
44
Moieties
* society organized into two halves (assoc. with dualities, land-water, night-day) * ritual function, divides communities into two for symbolic/ritual purposes * exogamous ex. Tlingit (Wolf and Raven) moieties perform funerary functions for each other
45
Kindreds
* bilateral descent * ego-focused * come together for birthdays or weddings * non-corporate * transitory ex. full siblings, Iban bejali: head hunters come together for revenge
46
Kindship Problems
diagrams from tut

ant204: Sociocultural Anthropology (10 decks)

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