Chapter 8: Learning Flashcards

Question

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 1

When the association between UCS and CS to a broad away of similar stimuli

Answer 2

When the cats run to the kitchen not only to the sound of a drawer opening but also maybe the sound of a cabinet opening or anything related to food preparation Or a baby is conditioned to be afraid to white rats. When hes sees other white fluffy things or white beards, he develops fear of that too.

Answer 3

Occurs when a CR (salivation) occurs only to the exact stimulus it was conditioned to

Answer 4

When the dogs only salivate to the bell, not to a buzzer or clicking noises. It discriminated the other stimuli, only responded to the conditioned stimulu

Answer 5

When the UCS is no longer paired with the CS

Answer 6

When the dogs learn that the meat powder isn't accompanied by the bell, they gradually stopped salivating to the bell. It can take as many as 100 times for the pair to be apart for extinction to occur

Answer 7

The sudden reappearance of an extinct/extinguished conditioned response

Answer 8

Had a car accident in a parking lot from a bad turn. For months, you're scared to go in that parking lot again. Then after a while you start parking in that lot again for a long time. Then after a few months, you had a panic attack from a situation you thought was happening again. This sudden feeling is the conditioned response returning spontaneously.

Answer 9

They showed the baby a white rat. Baby responded OK. Then they paired it with loud noise, which made the baby upset. When they showed the white rat alone, the baby was upset with the white rat. He developed being upset with other white things such as the white beard and white fluffy things.

Answer 10

Good - Paved the way for psychology to be known as a possible science of the study of human behavior Bad - The ethical producers behind the experiment (the baby was never deconditioned). Questions about consent and protecting the rights of individuals rose

Answer 11

Consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (if a cat keeps banging on the door of a cage and it slowly moves, it'll keep doing it. now learns how to escape the cage) (if you go to a café with free wifi, youll keep going back)

Answer 12

Operant - Behavior that acts or operates on the environment to produce specific consequences.

Answer 13

Process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

Answer 14

Skinner believed that a behavior that is rewarded is more likely to occur again. Some examples: - Hungry animal does something that is followed by the presentation of food, then the animal is more likely to repeat the behavior that preceded the food presentation. ``` - Behavior: Texting in class Consequence: Receive a text more entertaining than class Outcome: Keep on texting ``` - Behavior: Drink Coffee one morning. Consequence: More awake. Outcome: Have coffee every morning

Answer 15

Classical conditioning changes an involuntary behavior such as salivating, operant condition works when voluntary behavior is made mostly by its consequences. classical - you salivate when you hear microwave sound getting ready for coffee operant - you drink the coffee because you know it keeps you awake every morning (the consequence)

Answer 16

Any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior

Answer 17

When a baby sees he can get a smile from his mother when baby itself smiles at her, he is likely to smile more often. The mothers smile is the reinforcer because it increases the frequency of the babys behavior It is important that a reinforcer is something the learner WANTS, so it obviously increases the likelihood that behavior happens again

Answer 18

It is operant conditioning, with iTunes credit being the reinforcer. It is operant instead of classical because it is two things being linked together in occurrence, regardless of whether or not they are inherently rewarding.

Answer 19

Primary reinforcers - Not learned, innate and they satisfy biological needs Secondary (or conditioned) reinforcers - Learned by associatoion, usually thru classical conditioning

Answer 20

Primary inforcers - Food, water, sex Secondary reinforcers - Money, grades, approval

Answer 21

When the showing or addition of a stimulus to a situation increases the likelihood of behavior Professor says extra credit points for handing in essay on time. It is a POSITIVE reinforcement because it led to students submitting their essays on time

Answer 22

The removal of a stimulus to INCREASE behavior. The stimulus removed is supposed to be something unpleasant Your career keeps beeping loud because you didn't fasten your seat belt. Once you fasten your seat belt, the car stops beeping. The removal of of the beeping is a negative reinforcement to help you put on your seat belt

Answer 23

When you drink coffee in the morning to keep you awake, the caffeine is seen as a positive reinforcer However one could argue it can be a negative reinforcer as well because you're drinking the caffeine to get rid of fatigue, which makes it a negative reinforcer to help get you awake It is still an reinforcer because in the end the consequence behavior is the same -- u drink more coffee

Answer 24

Stimulus that DECREASES the frequency of a behavior

Answer 25

Negative reinforcers cant be punishment because it increases the behavior. The intention behind punishment is to DECREASE behavior (Good or bad)

Answer 26

Positive punishment is the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior (usually undesirable) A child wets himself instead of going to the bathroom. The mother spanks him, making it a positive punishment to decrease the undesirable behavior You get a fine from cops for speeding. That's positive punishment

Answer 27

Decreases behavior by removing a stimulus, usually removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the undesirable behavior Grounding a child for a week after he hit his younger sibling.

Answer 28

While punishment decreases behavior, it doesn't tell kids for instance what they should be doing, only what they shouldn't be doing. Reinforcement offers them an alternative Punishment: Boy hits another boy because he took his toy. Parents punish boy in hopes he doesn't do it again. Reinforcement: Boy is told to politely ask for toy and parents reward him with ice cream. Boy is likely to understand better and learn, instead of decreasing behavior without understanding like punishment

Answer 29

Positive: To decrease undesired behavior, ADDS a negative stimuli Negative: To decrease undesired behavior, REMOVES a positive stimuli

Answer 30

Skinners box - simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals shaping - the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

Answer 31

Putting rat in skinners box and trying to get the rat to do a NON-INHERENT behavior, which is pushing down a lever. Shaping behavior is done by constantly reinforcing behaviors closer and closer to the target behavior which is pulling down the lever. So when the rat comes closer and closer to pulling the lever int he chamber, you give it some food. Eventually they'll make an association once it realizes it has to go by the lever to get the food and will press the lever later on

Answer 32

Continuous reinforcement - Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Intermittent reinforcement - Rewarding a behavior does not occur after every response

Answer 33

Its better in getting rate of response and less likely risk of extinction. Since you're not expecting it to be there, and not sure when/if it'll come or not, you are more likely to do it more When you're expecting a very important e-mail (reinforcer) and don't know when it'll come, you will keep checking your email at a ridiculous rate because u don't know when its coming.

Answer 34

Patterns of intermittent reinforcement Logic behind it is to find out whether patterns happen after either a certain amount of time has passed or after a set number of responses

Answer 35

Fixed Ratio (FR) - Pattern of intermittent reinforcement that follows a set number of responses. It is pattern that is predictable, so the responses are not very steady Variable ratio (VR) - Pattern of intermittent reinforcement where the set of responses is varied and NOT patterned. Since it is unpredictable, it gets a high number of responses Fixed Interval (FI) schedule - Responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed. Variable Interval (VI) - Responses are reinforced after periods of different duration. Difficult to predict, so it produces steady amount of responses

Answer 36

- Conditioned taste aversion - Instictive drift - Latent learning

Answer 37

The learned avoidance of a particular taste or food when nausea occurs at about the same time as the food I have motion sickness. I go on a boat, eat a jelly donut. I get very sick on boat. I go 10 years without eating jelly donuts It contradicts it because classical conditioning is known to happen with repeated pairings of CS and UCS to maintain a conditioned response, but conditioned taste aversion only requires one time for the conditioning to happen and not a very quick amount of time has to pass.

Answer 38

By having food and saccharin water paired with radiation relating to rats Saw a decrease in rats wanting to have the water and food

Answer 39

- That conditioning and association only happens when organism is repeatedly exposed to something within a brief of time - That organisms learn to associate ANY two stimuli Both were found to false. You could avert taste regardless of how many times or how quick the two things happen. And it was also found that taste was not averted because of lighting, so 'any' stimuli was found incorrect

Answer 40

Instinctive drift is learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies Keller and Marian tried to make a lot of animals become conditioned to learn how to put poker chips into machine. They were successful with many animals but not with some others. Animals like the chickens couldn't do it instead they pecked the chips, pigs decided to root them with their snouts, raccoons rubbed them. It was learned this falls in line with the animals natural instinctive drift. It is their natural tendency to behave this way.

Answer 41

Some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others Example would be that humans are inherently more likely to know how to speak

Answer 42

That ALL organisms are equal and behave the same way to learning. Some species and animals innate, biological features make them act differently towards certain things

Answer 43

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs

Answer 44

- Rats in maze 1 was rewarded with food at the end, so they ran the maze very good - Rats in maze 2 was not rewarded with food so they ran the maze poorly - Rats in maze 3 was not rewarded with food at first, so they ran the maze poorly, but after a few times they were rewarded with food and started to run the maze very well. To a point where they started running even better than the rats in maze 1 Tolman argued the rats in maze 3 were learning all along but they didn't show it before they started getting reinforced

Answer 45

Showed that prior experience, even when not being reinforced with something, helps in future learning Also that motivation plays a part in learning. Latent learning implies that learning can be hidden until they are motivated to perform

Answer 46

Observational learning - Learning by watching the behavior of others Enactive learning - learning by doing

Answer 47

Kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others

Answer 48

The imitation of behaviors performed by others

Answer 49

Baby set 1 watched adult play with toy peacefully. Baby set 2 watched adult play with toy violently. Babies in either set imitated the behavior of adult when kept alone in a room

Answer 50

Children imitate what they see. Experiments show when child sees aggressor rewarded, they become more aggressive.

Answer 51

Rapid and innate learning of characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth

Answer 52

Scientific study of animal behavior (Where imprinting is most common and necessary for animals so they don't get lost or killed)

Answer 53

When you watch some do something, its like doing something yourself. Neurons in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex of your brain is involved Children with autism struggle with this because of their neuron system being damaged

Answer 54

When we learn growth of synapses occur where they become stronger and grow more during long term associative learning. "Practice makes perfect" - to learn and become proficient at something requires repeating the behavior over and over

Answer 55

Being in an enriched environment for a long time. And even better when that environment continues to have new and novel forms of stimulation

Answer 56

They weaken. May explain forgetting

Answer 57

- Social learning theory: A form of peer acceptance - Operant conditioning (consequences of behavior) helps maintain smoking behavior - negative reinforcers (smoking helps remove stress)

Answer 58

techniques which uses principles of operant conditioning to change behavior people to do it to try to quit smoking

Chapter 8: Learning Flashcards

(83 cards)