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PSYCH 1002A > Chapter 8: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

-process that allows us to record and retrieve experiences and information

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2
Q

Information Processing

A

-memory encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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3
Q

Sensory Memory

A

-holds incoming sensory information for long enough so that it can be recognized
-visual sensory is processed in the iconic store, auditory in the echoic store

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4
Q

Short Term / Working Memory

A

-holds conscious memory, a mental workplace
actively processes, codes, and works on information
most people hold from 5-9 meaningful items in short-term memory

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5
Q

Chunking

A

-combining individual stuff into larger units of memory

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6
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

-simple repetition of information

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7
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A
  • focusing on the meaning of information and relating it to pre-existing knowledge
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8
Q

4 Components of Working Memory

A

1: Auditory Working Memory (repeating information to myself)

#2: Visual Spatial: temporary storage of image information
#3: Episodic Buffer: temporary storage space where info is also processed
#4: Central Executive: decides how much to allocate to mental imagery and auditory rehearsal

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9
Q

Long Term Memory

A

-vast library of durable stored memories
-Serial Position Effect: recalling information that is influenced by a word’s position
-Primacy Effect and Recency Effect

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10
Q

Types of Long Term Memory

A

-Declarative: involves factual knowledge
-Episodic Memory: concerning personal experience
-Semantic Memory: about the world, language
-Procedural: memory reflected in skills and actions
-Explicit: conscious and intentional memory retrieval
-Implicit: memory influences our behaviour without us knowing

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11
Q

Encoding

A

-entering information

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12
Q

Effortful Processing

A

-intentional information process that requires conscious effort

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13
Q

Automatic Processing

A

-requires minimal attention

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14
Q

Levels of Processing

A

-Structural encoding: based on structure
-Phonological encoding: based on sound
-Semantic encoding: based on meaning
-the more deeply we process information, the better it is remembered
-semantic encoding is the most meaningful

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15
Q

Organization and Imagery

A

-chunking hierarchies uses associations between concepts to widen capacity
-mnemonic devices help improve memory (ex. acronym)
-long-term memory is stored either by verbal or non-verbal codes

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16
Q

Dual Coding Theory

A

-encoding info with both codes enhances memory

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17
Q

Schema

A

-a mental framework of organized patterns of thought
-memory is like a network, it is enhanced by rehearsal, and by forming associations between old memories and new information

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18
Q

Associative Network

A
  • a massive network of associated ideas and concepts
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19
Q

Priming

A

-activation of one concept thanks to another (fire truck primes red)

20
Q

Neutral Network

A

-each concept is represented by a pattern/set of nodes

21
Q

Retrieval

A

-memories are accessed

22
Q

Retrieval Cue

A
  • a stimulus to retrieve a memory, multiple that work together work best
23
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

-recollections are so vivid and clear
-accuracy of memories fade over time

24
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

-memory is enhanced when retrieval conditions are similar to encoding conditions

25
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

-it’s easier to remember something in the same environment it was acquired in

26
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

-easier when our internal states are the same
does not extend to mood

27
Q

Mood Congruent Recall

A

-tendency to recall events that match our mood

28
Q

Encoding Failure

A

-information was never encoded into long term memory

29
Q

Decay Theory

A

-with time and dis-use, memory fades

30
Q

Reminiscence

A

-more material is recalled during second thinking than first

31
Q

Interference Theory

A

-other items in long-term memory impair our ability to retrieve a specific one

32
Q

Proactive Interference

A

-past interferes with learning new material

33
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

-present interferes with remembering old stuff

34
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

-repression that protects us from remembering bad memories

35
Q

Amnesia

A

-partial or total loss of memory

36
Q

Dementia

A

-impaired memory as the brain degenerates

37
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

-abnormal amounts of plaques and tangles that hinder memory
-Plaques: clumps of protein fragments that build up outside neurons
-Tangles: fibers get twisted and wound together

38
Q

Prospective Memory

A

-concerns remembering to do something later

39
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

-distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information

40
Q

Source Confusion

A

remembering something familiar, but not knowing where it is from

41
Q

Engram

A

-the physical memory trace that is stored somewhere in the brain when a memory is formed
-memories are formed in the Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex
-Hippocampus and adjacent tissue help encode and retrieve long term memories, and change short-term into long-term (memory consolidation)
-Cortex encodes information from sensory registers

42
Q

Thalamus

A

-brain’s major sensory relay station, damage to this causes amnesia

43
Q

Amygdala

A

-encodes emotional arousal and disturbing events

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

-forms procedural memories

45
Q

How is Memory Formed?

A

-synaptic changes is the basis of memory formation
-Long-Term Potentiation: enduring increase of synaptic strength, occurs in the hippocampus where neurons send and receive messages
-glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain

PSYCH 1002A (8 decks)

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