Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The ability to store and retrieve information, like stimuli, images, ideas, skills and more

Question 2

Amnesia

Answer 2

inability to retrieve information

Question 3

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 3

Loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge
•Memento, Finding Dory

Question 4

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 4

Loss of memory for events that have happened in the past
• Like Michael losing all his memories in Jane the Virgin

Question 5

Which type of amnesia did Henry Molaison have)

Answer 5

Anterograde amnesia

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

Getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain can process
• Perception of a stimulus getting transformed into a memory

Question 7

Effortful Processing

Answer 7

Intentional, effortful conscious process
• schoolwork you have to learn, taking notes

Question 8

Automatic Processing

Answer 8

Unintentional process requiring minimal attention
•Frequency, spatial location, sequence, timing

Question 9

Dual-coding Hypothesis

Answer 9

Information that can be coded VERBALLY AND VISUALLY is better remembered than only verbal information
Dog vs keep

Question 10

Levels of Processing

Answer 10

Structural
• Is the word in capitals?
Phonemic
• Does the word rhyme with
“course”?
Semantic
• Does the word fit in this
sentence:
‘The man peeled the ______’?

Question 11

Which level of processing is best remembered and why?

Answer 11

Semantic. It involves the deepest processing; requires us to focus on the meaning of the information

Question 12

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 12

Repeating the information over and over
•Not the best way to improve recall
• keeping information active in our short-term memory
• transfer some information to our long term memory

Question 13

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 13

Adding MEANING to the information
•What does the word mean?
•How does the word relate to known concepts or experiences?
•What does the word remind you of? (imagery)
More meaningful processing, deeper encoding, more effective at transferring information to long-term memory

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

Combine items into larger units to make them more meaningful

•C T V Y M C A I B M K G B F B I
•C T V Y M C A I B M K G B F B I
• (780) xxx-xxxx

Question 15

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 15

Mental strategies that aide in remembering information
•e.g., HOMES – for the five Great Lakes •(Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)

•Make a narrative

Question 16

Complex Mnemonics -
Method if Loci

Answer 16

Link what you need to remember with a place that you know well (real or not)
• Imagery technique for memorization
• Imaginary stroll, linking each object or place with a concept or item

Question 17

Sensory Memory

Answer 17

Briefly holds sensory information; where memory STARTS
- Contains Iconic and Echoic store memory

Question 18

Capacity and Duration for Sensory Memory

Answer 18

Capacity: 3 - 7 units of information
Duration: 0.5 to 3 seconds

Question 19

Iconic Store (memory)

Answer 19

Holds VISUAL information (for a fraction of a second)

Question 20

Echoic Store (memory)

Answer 20

Holds AUDITORY information (for 2 or more seconds)

Question 21

Working Memory

Answer 21

Same thing as short term memory, which temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information, BUT working memory is ACTIVE and has MORE CAPACITY, can MANIPULATE information

Question 22

Capacity and Duration of Working Memory

Answer 22

Capacity: 7 +/- 2 meaningful items of information (5-9 items, 7 as the average)
Duration: 20-30 seconds

Question 23

Short Term Memory

Answer 23

temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information

Question 24

Ways of Increasing Short-Term Memory

Answer 24

• Chunking
• Rehearsal (control processes)
• Associative Networks

Question 25

Control Processes

Answer 25

Maintenance rehearsal •Simple repetition Elaborative rehearsal •Focus on meaning By rehearsing information, we can increase how long it stays in our short-term memory

Question 26

Associative Networks

Answer 26

Theory that memory can be represented as a NETWORK of ASSOCIATED CONCEPTS; NODES - The shorter the line between nodes, the STRONGER the association - spreading activation. When we think of Donald Trump, we think of Ivanka. Associations with Donald Trump come up

Question 27

Long-Term Memory

Answer 27

Storage of information that lasts from minutes to FOREVER - No limits

Question 28

Serial Position Effect (LTM)

Answer 28

Describes the relationship between a word’s position in a list and its probability of recall Recall is influenced by a word’s position in a list • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect

Question 29

Primacy Effect

Answer 29

We remember things at the BEGINNING of the list. Transfer of words into LONG TERM memory

Question 30

Recency Effect

Answer 30

We remember things that are at the END of the list. SHORT-TERM memory

Question 31

Implicit Memory

Answer 31

Memory that is expressed though past experiences, unconscious or automatic memories - Procedural Memory & Classical Conditioning

Question 32

Procedural Memory

Answer 32

Cannot be verbalized • SKILLS and ACTIONS (even some conditioned responses) • AUTOMATIC memory, like walking or bike riding

Question 33

Explicit Memory (LTM)

Answer 33

memory that is CONSCIOUSLY retrieved • declarative memory

Question 34

Declarative Memory

Answer 34

Can be verbalized • Consists of: 1. Episodic memory 2. Semantic memory

Question 35

Episodic Memory (declarative memory)

Answer 35

Relates to Personal Experiences • like a tv show, birthday • “it’s all about me”

Question 36

Semantic Memory (declarative memory)

Answer 36

General factual knowledge • “just the facts”

Question 37

Retrieval

Answer 37

Process of transferring information from long-term memory back into working memory (consciousness) • expression of memory after encoding and storage

Question 38

Retrieval Cues

Answer 38

Any stimulus that helps/promotes memory recall • Depends on the memory you have attached to something

Question 39

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 39

Memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event •National disaster memories • distinctly positive or negative events that evoke strong emotions, are collective

Question 40

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 40

Retrieval can be increased by matching the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at encoding • Enhancement occurs because stimuli associated with the event may be encoded as part of the memory, and then later it is going to serve as the retrieval cue

Question 41

What are Three Specific Ways to achieve Matching?

Answer 41

1. Context-dependent memory 2. State-dependent memory 3. Mood-congruent recall

Question 42

Context-Dependent Memory

Answer 42

The phenomenon that it is typically easier to remember something in the SAME ENVIRONMENT in which it was originally learned or experienced • Scuba diver study • Students who studied in a quiet environment found they scored better found they scored better when they took the test in a quiet environment

Question 43

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 43

Learning is associated with a particular internal state • Our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state, at the time of retrieval, matches our original state while learning •Non-drug examples as well: - Mood, level of tiredness, physical fatigue, etc. • material learned at rest is better recalled at rest

Question 44

Mood-Congruent Recall

Answer 44

Tendency to recall information or events that are CONGRUENT with our CURRENT MOOD • happy people will better remember happy than sad materials, whereas sad people will better remember sad than happy materials

Question 45

Dementia

Answer 45

Refers to impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning

Question 46

Alzhemier’s Disease

Answer 46

Severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia • forgetfulness, confusion, lowered mobility • most common cause of dementia for adults 65+