Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 104 Final > Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Motivation

A

Process that influences GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOUR
• Direction
• Persistence
• Vigour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Genetic Programming is the cause of motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Instinct

A

Predisposition to behave a certain way to certain stimuli
• many instincts are not universal; not found among all members of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Instinct Theory 2.0

A

Modern View:
•Motivation: adaptive significance •SURVIVAL ADVANTAGES
birds migrate instinctively to avoid harsh environmental conditions, then comeback for resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drive Theory

A

Disruptions to homeostasis produce drives
Homeostasis 🧘‍♀️ ➡️ Drive 🤤 ➡️ Motivation to fulfill needs 🧘‍♀️🥨 💳🚶‍♀️

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Homeostasis

A

Internal physiological equilibrium
State in which everything is maintained in the body
•Sensors }
•Response System } all in equilibrium
•Control Centre. }

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drives

A

States of internal tension that motivate you in a certain way to reduce that tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Our behaviour is dictated by a desire for external rewards
• Motivated to “pull” something towards you. Achieve something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Incentive

A

A thing that motivates or encourages an organism to do something.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Incentive theory = ?
Drive theory = ?

A

Incentive Theory = “pull”
Drive Theory = “push”
• avoid something uncomfortable, like feeling thirsty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“Push” and “pull” = ?

A

Biological Drive Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

EXPECTANCY × VALUE THEORY
•Goal-directed behaviours driven by:

  1. Strength of expectation (that a particular behaviour will lead to a goal)
  2. Value of goal (placed on the goal. Motivation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Expectancy Theory Equation

A

𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Perform an activity for its own sake
• rather than for the desire of an external reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Perform activity for reward or avoid punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

Most behaviour comes from:
• UNCONSCIOUS IMPULSES
• PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENCES
Behaviour is predetermined, something we cannot control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the strongest drives for behaviour according to Freud and the Psychodynamic Theory?

A

Sex and Aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

Behaviour is considered to be free choice and free will as we search for self-actualization (the ultimate human motive)
• Abraham Maslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metabolism

A

Rate at which the body uses energy (calories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Basal Metabolism

A

Number of calories you burn as your body performs its basal, life-sustaining function
• Calories you burn if you were to stay in bed all day, no activity
• “Resting” metabolism = 2/3 of normal energy use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is hunger apart of homeostasis

A

Homeostasis PREVENTS us from “running low” on energy
• Eating not linked to immediate needs
• low energy 😪 ➡️ hunger 🤤 so that energy can be restored (homeostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Set Point

A

Biologically determined physiological standard
• around which our body regulates fat mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Physical Signal that Starts a Meal

A

Muscular contractions CORRELATES WITH feelings of hunger
• but are not producing the feelings of hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Signal that Starts a Meal (not a peptide or hormone)

A

Pattern of increase and decrease in BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
• Glucose levels are LOW = hunger is INCREASED
• Glucose levels are high = hunger is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the body’s main source of energy?
Glucose
26
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A peptide secreted by the small intestine • DECREASES hunger after a meal
27
Ghrelin
•Another peptide! •INCREASES hunger •Levels highest just before a meal
28
Weight and Appetite Signals
• Leptin • ob gene
29
Leptin
• Hormone secreted by fat cells • Signals brain to DECREASE hunger and increase energy expenditure • long-term signal
30
ob gene
Directs fat cells to secrete leptin
31
What is the role of the Hypothalamus?
Involved in H unger, thirst, sexual arousal, and body temperature • H omeostasis
32
Which Theory does Hunger & mechanisms in homeostasis reside?
Drive Theory. When something disrupts that homeostasis, we become motivated to do something to recover that homeostasis
33
Parts of the Hypothalamus
• Paraventricular nucleus • Pituitary • Ventromedial hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus
34
Paraventricular nucleus
Part of the hypothalamus involved with various neurotransmitters, like neuropeptide Y - appetite stimulant
35
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Stopping eating
36
Lateral hypothalamus
Stimulates eating
37
Psychological Aspects of Eating
•POSITIVELY REINFORCED by good tastes of food •NEGATIVELY REINFORCED by hunger reduction (remove the aversive stimulus, hunger, through eating) •Expectations for both • tastes good AND reduces hunger
38
More Psychological Aspects of Eating
• Social Pressures to maintain a certain figure can also affect our eating habits; motivated to eat or not • Can affect how much they eat, what they eat, when they eat
39
Environmental and Cultural Factors with Eating
FOOD AVAILABILITY • Food scarcity • Low-cost foods • Food TASTE, VARIETY, and SERVING SIZE • CULTURAL INFLUENCES - Can vary between places and countries; classically conditioned. Different people like different things, like smells
40
Genetic Influences on Obesity
Metabolism
41
Environmental Influences on Obesity
• Inexpensive poor-quality food - like carbs, more tasty too • “Supersizing” - getting the best volume for the price; increases the amount of food you are consuming in an exaggerated way • Decreased activity - we do not do as much physical work due to technological advances. More entertainment available at the palm of our hands
42
Male Courtship
Females choose males • Combat (may the male with best genes win) • Display (of looks and talent)
43
Bateman’s Principle in Male Courtship
More variability in the reproductive success of males than females • Many of the traits that are irresistible to females are controlled by hormonal fluctuations as the animal enters breeding season • Males may have multiple mates and a high amount of offspring, some may not mate at all
44
Male-Male Competition
Limited females = more intense competition • Males compete for females, and females then pick the males with the best genes to mate and pass on those genes to their offspring to ensure their survival Valuable traits from Testosterone can be costly to males
45
Ornamental Species
Compete through their looks and skills in order to impress females • e.g. bowerbird
46
Female Courtship
When males invest more in parental care... • Males wait longer under they can reproduce again • Male are choosier • Pressure for females to attract a mate E.g., Northern Jacanas, Seahorses, Praying mantises
47
Mutual Courtship
Pair Bond • Pair of animals in prolonged courtship • Often spend a lot of energy on raising young • Long term partners, can be for life • offspring tend to live longer lives
48
Emotions
Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences
49
Link between Motivation and Emotion
Emotions motivate our actions. We react when our goals are blocked or met in some way. These reactions can vary widely based on how important the goal was • Gratified, threatened, or frustrated
50
Adaptive Value of Emotion
Emotions DIRECT ATTENTION • Negative emotions • Positive emotions (towards important people and things in our lives; comes in the form of a Gut Feeling to protect us) SOCIAL COMMUNICATION • Information about state of others • Influence others’ behaviour - emotions help us communicate and understand facial expressions, voice changes Emotions tie us together
51
Features of Emotion
• Response to eliciting stimuli • Result of cognitive appraisal • Physiological response • Include behavioural tendencies
52
Eliciting Stimuli
• Can be internal (thoughts) or external (world around us) • Influence of INNATE factors (like instinct) • LEARNING - our prior experiences shape how we react to certain stimuli
53
Cognitive Appraisal
Allows for INTERPRETATION and EVALUATION of sensory stimuli. What we perceive. • Because cognitive appraisal happens FIRST, different appraisals can lead to different behaviour responses and outcomes
54
What is the Effect of Culture on Cognitive Appraisal?
•Similarities in appraisals for basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, etc.) •Differences in appraisals of other emotions
55
Where do raw emotions originate?
Subcortical brain: Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
56
What interaction must happen for the brain to process emotions?
Interaction between the cortical and subcortical parts of the brain
57
Subcortical brain
Older part of the brain responsible for some emotions and desires, memory formation, and hormone production • hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
58
Where do emotions travel in the brain after sensory input?
Travel in 2 pathways from the thalamus: one to the cerebral cortex, and one to the amygdala
59
Cerebral Cortex
Receives sensory input from the thalamus, and processes it as PERCEPTIONS and INTEPRETATIONS • Allows us to regulate our emotions • Higher level functioning and decision making
60
Amygdala
Controls physiological and BEHAVIOURAL components of emotional responses • Can process information faster that the cortex interprets what’s going on
61
Autonomic Responses
• Autonomic = automatic • The idea behind polygraphs (machine that records physiological changes that occur as part of an emotional response) • Recordings are a part of the autonomic nervous system - which is automatic and regulates involuntary physiological processes
62
Expressive Behaviours
Observable displays of emotion • To infer emotions of others?
63
Fundamental Emotional Patterns (expressive behaviours)
• Emotions are similar across cultures • Individuals who are blind express emotions
64
Facial Expressions (expressive behaviours)
• General agreement across cultures • Women generally more accurate • Judging emotion is best done in context
65
What shapes expressive behaviours?
Biological factors (basic emotion) & culture (how and when) shape expression
66
What effect does culture have on expressive behaviours?
Cultural display rules - dictate when and how particular emotions are expressed
67
Instrumental Behaviours
Behaviours directed at achieving a goal •Emotions function as: •‘Calls to action’ •Enhance performance for simple tasks
68
Unconscious Influences on Emotion - Facial Feedback Hypothesis
More likely to feel emotions that correspond to your FACIAL FEATURES • feedback from your muscles plays a role in your emotions
69
Emotions and Animals
• Descent of Man • The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals • Emotions are adaptive & motivational • Similarities in humans and animals
70
Universal Emotions - Dr. Jenna Congdon
Emotions that are experienced across groups of people and animals • She showed that humans can recognize emotional arousal and vocalizations across all classes of terrestrial vertebrates, which lends evidence to even more universal emotions
71
Other animals besides pets can express emotions to us
• Pigs • Emotional contagion • Bees • Optimism • Rats • Happiness/Joy
72
Positive Welfare
Is usually the absence of anything negative • What about focusing on what can be added? •Animal Science •Research Labs • welfare seeks to break stereotype behaviours like pacing

Psych 104 Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions