Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the retention of information or experience over time

Question 2

phases of memory

Answer 2

encoding - taking information in through sensory experiences
storage - retaining information
retrieval - recalling the information

Question 3

selective attention

Answer 3

ignoring other stimuli

Question 4

divided attention

Answer 4

paying attention to different things at the same time, worst effect on encoding

Question 5

sustained attention

Answer 5

maintaining attention over a long period of time

Question 6

application

Answer 6

note-taking, handwritten is better than laptops, slower writing is deep and more attentive

Question 7

automatic processing

Answer 7

encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Question 8

effortful processing

Answer 8

encoding of details that takes time and effort

Question 9

semantic

Answer 9

word or label

Question 10

visual code

Answer 10

detailed and distinctive

Question 11

acoustic

Answer 11

sounds

Question 12

processing

Answer 12

shallow - physical, perceptual features
intermediate - category label
deep - meaningful, symbolic characteristics

Question 13

elaboration

Answer 13

enhances memory, adding meaning, one cue leads to one target, more cues = more likely to access memory

Question 14

Atkinson-Shiffrin

Answer 14

sensory memory -attention-> short-term memory -encoding-> long-term memory (retrieval for short-term)

Question 15

rehearsal

Answer 15

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

organizing information into manageable bit or chunks

Question 17

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Question 18

mnemonic devices

Answer 18

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (expressive writing, saying words aloud)

Question 19

explicit memory (declarative)

Answer 19

memory with awareness
semantic - facts and knowledge
episodic - personal experiences and events
hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala

Question 20

implicit memory (non-declarative)

Answer 20

memory without awareness
procedural - motor skills and actions
classically conditioned - conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli
hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebellum

Question 21

short-term memory

Answer 21

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory, lasts about 20 seconds

Question 22

memory consolidation

Answer 22

transfer of STM to long-term

Question 23

recall

Answer 23

being able to access information without cues

Question 24

recognition

Answer 24

being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again

Question 25

relearning

Answer 25

learning information that you previously learned

Question 26

serial position effect

Answer 26

recalling the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle (early - primacy, later - recency)

Question 27

prospective memory

Answer 27

remembering to do something in the future

Question 28

anterograde amnesia

Answer 28

unable to make new memories

Question 29

retrograde amnesia

Answer 29

unable to recall past memories