Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards
(41 cards)
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding and retrieval of information.
Recall
A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person needs only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the digits of a phone number when calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Knowledge, skills, and experience.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings.
Implicit memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery or organizational devices.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
