Chapter 8: Memory - Modules 24/25/26 Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

the persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

A

memory

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2
Q

retrieving informtion learned earlier
ex. fill in the blanks test

A

recall

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3
Q

indentifying information learned earlier
ex. multiple choice test

A

recognition

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4
Q

learning material again, for the second time

A

relearning

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5
Q

helps us to thiink about how our brain forms and retrieves memories

A

memory model

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6
Q

getting info to memory system by extracting meaning

A

encode

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7
Q

retaining encoded information over time

A

store

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8
Q

getting info out of memory storage

A

retrieval

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9
Q

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

A

parallel processing

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10
Q

views memories as products of interconnected neural netoworks

A

connectionism

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11
Q

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

A

sensory memory

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12
Q

briefly activated memory of a few items (ie. phone numbers while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

A

short-term memory

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13
Q

relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences

A

long-term memory

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14
Q

conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory (short and long term memories combine)

A

working memory

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15
Q

retention of facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare

A

explicit (declarative) memories

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16
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

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17
Q

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
ex. if you were attacked by a dog while ago, you’ll tense up when in contact with a dog in the future

A

automatic processing

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18
Q

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations indepedant of conscious recollections
ex. how to ride a bike

A

implicit (nondeclarative memories)

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19
Q

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimulil a photographic or picutre-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

A

iconic memory

20
Q

a momentary sensory meory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled in 3 or 4 seconds

A

echoic memory

21
Q

organizing items into familliar manageable units; often occurs automatically

22
Q

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

23
Q

tendency for distributed practice/study to yield better, long-term retention that is achieved through mass study/practice

A

spacing effect

24
Q

enhanced memory after retirieving, rather than simply rereading information, also referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

A

testing effect

25
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
shallow processing
26
encoding semantically, based on the meanings of words; tends to yield the best retention
deep processing
27
by waving warning signs at us, memory protects us from future dangers
adaptive sense
28
"memoryless memory" an implicit, invisible memory without your conscious awareness, it predisposes interpretation
priming
29
"the friend of learning"
forgetting
30
much of what we sense, we never notice what we never encode we will never remember
encoding failure
31
gradual fading of the physical memory trace
storage decay
32
explains why we may have large holed in our memory of a list of recent events
serial position effect
33
when what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when again in that state
state-dependent memory
34
putting oneself back in the context where they first experienced that thing, helps with memory retrieval
context-dependent memory
35
using a web of associations to retrieve memories, best cues come from associations when we made the memory - smells, tastes, sights
retrieval cues
36
"tip of the tongue" forgetting, stem from interferance and motivated forgetting
retrieval failure
37
prior learning disrupts recall of new information
forward-acting interference
38
new learning disrupts recall of old information
backward-acting interference
39
prior learning facilitates new learning
positive transfer
40
trauma helps repress memories, trauma releases stress hormones causing survivors of trauma to attend to and remember the threat
motivated forgetting
41
misinformation effect influences later attitudes towards that thing, repeadetly imagining nonexistent actions and events will create false memories
misinformation and imagination effects
42
having high confidence in false memories, occurs several days after exposure when they reported richer details of their false memory ex. hot air balloon scenario on pgs 895/896
imagination inflation
43
helps to explain deja vu, the frailest part of a memory is its source
source amnesia
44
thinking an idea came from your own imagination, when it is unintentionally plagarizing something read/heard earlier as in the case of many songs
misattribution
45
unreal memories feel like real memories, false memories retain false associations
discerning true and false memories
46
the best way to learn (according to dr vettor)
learn for recall Space it. Rehearse it. Personalize it.