Chapter 5: Developing through the Life Span - Modules 14/15/16/17

Question 1

studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the lifespan

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

comparing people of different ages at the same time

Answer 2

cross-sectional studies

Question 3

follows and retests same people over time

Answer 3

longitudinal studies

Question 4

a major issue exploring how genetics interacts with our experiences to influence out development

Answer 4

Nature and Nurture

Question 5

a major issue exploring what parts of our development are gradual and what parts of our development change abruptly in separate stages

Answer 5

Continuity and Stages

Question 6

a major issue which explores which of our traits persistant through life and how we change with age

Answer 6

Stability and Change

Question 7

explore the doubt on the idea that life proceeds through neatly defined age-linked stages

Answer 7

stage theory

Question 8

recognizes that we have changed but expect we will change little in the future

Answer 8

end of history illusion

Question 9

sperm meets egg, creates a cell
starts in your grandmother

Answer 9

conception

Question 10

the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and becomes an embryo
fewer than half the original zygotes survive after 2 weeks

Answer 10

prenatal development

Question 11

the fertilized egg that becomes an embryo

Answer 11

zygote

Question 12

the developing human organism for about 2 weeks after fertilization through to the 2 month

Answer 12

embryo

Question 13

the life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mom to embryo

Answer 13

placenta

Question 14

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Answer 14

fetus

Question 15

agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 15

teratogens

Question 16

physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their mothers heavy drinking during pregnancy, in severe cases symptoms include a small, out of proportion head and distinct facial features

Answer 16

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 17

leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off
can leave scars that may increase vulnerability to stress or addictions

Answer 17

epigenetic effect

Question 18

refers to automatic reflexes
include reflexes such as sucking and grasping

Answer 18

concept of how babies can tell you a lot
“Babies come with apps preloaded”

Question 19

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Answer 19

habituation

Question 20

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Answer 20

maturation

Question 21

in brain developent:
from 3 - 6 y/o most brain growth was in the ________
association areas such as thinking memory and language were the ____ cortical areas to develop

Answer 21

1. frontal lobe
2. last

Question 22

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Answer 22

cognition

Question 23

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (our understanding)

Answer 23

schema

Question 24

how do we use and adjust our schemas? (2 steps)

Answer 24

1. we assimilate new experiences
2. we adjust or accommodate our schemas to incorporate new experiences

Question 25

interpreting new experiences according to existing schemas

Answer 25

assimilation

Question 26

adopting our current schemas to incorporate new experiences

Answer 26

accomodation

Question 27

from birth to age 2 the stage where babies take in the world through their senses and actions

Answer 27

sensorimotor stage

Question 28

the awareness that things continue to exist,, even when not perceived example of cloth on a toy young infants lack this

Answer 28

object permanence

Question 29

until about age 6 or 7 child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic such as imagining an action and mentally reversing it ex. 2 +2 = 4 4 - 2 = 2

Answer 29

preoperational stage

Question 30

what are the two aspects of the preoperational stage? (what can we see children do)

Answer 30

involve in pretend play and egocentrism

Question 31

in Piagets theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another persons point of view

Answer 31

egocentrism

Question 32

assuming what was in your head was also in someone elses

Answer 32

curse of knowledge

Question 33

from 7 to 11 years of age children gain the mental operations enabling them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 33

concrete operational stage

Question 34

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remains the same despite changes in the form of objects children before age 6 lack this concept

Answer 34

conservation

Question 35

by age 12 we encompass objective thinking can hypothesize "if this, then that" when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 35

formal operational stage aka systematic reasoning

Question 36

focused on the relationship between the childs mind and their social environment

Answer 36

Lev Vygotsky

Question 37

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 37

scaffold

Question 38

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the bahaviours they might predict infants as young as 7 months display this capability ex. bandaid box (pg 550)

Answer 38

theory of mind

Question 39

the fear of strangers evident after 8 months

Answer 39

stranger anxiety

Question 40

an emotional tie with others shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

Answer 40

attachment

Question 41

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces typical development

Answer 41

central period

Question 42

the process by which certain animals form string attachments during early life

Answer 42

imprinting (Jacob from Twilight)

Question 43

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Answer 43

basic trust

Question 44

people crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection

Answer 44

anxious attachment

Question 45

people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others

Answer 45

avoidant attachment

Question 46

all our thoughts an feelings about ourselves, answers the question of "Who am I?"

Answer 46

self-concept

Question 47

described as a combination of two traits, how responsive and how demanding parents are there are 4 styles

Answer 47

parenting styles

Question 48

coercive impose rules and expect obedience

Answer 48

Authoritarian

Question 49

unrestraining make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment

Answer 49

Permissive

Question 50

uninvolved neither demanding nor responsive, careless, inattentive, do not seek a close relationship with their children

Answer 50

Neglectful

Question 51

confrontive both demanding and responsive, set rules, when kids are older, encourage discussion and allow expectations

Answer 51

Authoritative

Question 52

seeing development as lifelong

Answer 52

developmental lifespan perspective

Question 53

the transition period from childhood to young adulthood extending from puberty to independence can happen anywhere from age 10 to 19

Answer 53

adolescence

Question 54

the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing follows a surge of hormones that intensify moods and trigger bodily changes

Answer 54

puberty

Question 55

the first menstrual period

Answer 55

menarche

Question 56

occurs in adolescence, the neurons and connections that we don't use, we lose

Answer 56

selective pruning

Question 57

believing that they are unique and special and what happens to "most people" would never happen to them

Answer 57

personal fable

Question 58

the intellectual summit of adolescents, apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them

Answer 58

formal operations

Question 59

the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Answer 59

moral reasoning

Question 60

the first level of moral thinking: - before age 9 - focus on self interest - obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Answer 60

preconventional morality

Question 61

the second level of moral thinking: - early adolescence - uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Answer 61

conventional morality

Question 62

the third level of moral thinking: - adolescence and beyond - actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Answer 62

postconventional morality

Question 63

prioritize personal goals

Answer 63

individualist societies

Question 64

place more value on social/group goals

Answer 64

collectivity societies

Question 65

"quick gut feelings" the mind makes moral judgements quickly and automatically, relying largely on feelings, feelings of disgust or elation trigger moral reasoning, Jonathan Haidt

Answer 65

moral intuitions

Question 66

to live with one eye on the future

Answer 66

delay gratification

Question 67

our sense of self

Answer 67

identityt

Question 68

the "we" aspect of our celf-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Answer 68

social identity

Question 69

in Erkisons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

Answer 69

intimacy

Question 70

a period from about 18 to the mid twenties, when many Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

Answer 70

emerging adulthood

Question 71

what are the three stages of adulthood?

Answer 71

1. early adulthood: rough twenties and thirties 2. middle adulthood: to age 65 3. late adulthood: after 65

Question 72

the time of natural cessation of menstruation, also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 72

menopause

Question 73

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits, often related to Alzheimers disease, brain injury or disease or substance abuse aka dementia

Answer 73

neurocognitive disorder (NCD)

Question 74

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often onsets after age 80 and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities first goes the memory then the reasoning a body being stripped of its humanity

Answer 74

Alzheimer's disease

Question 75

a crisis, realizing that life will soon be mostly behind you rather than mostly ahead of you

Answer 75

midlife transition

Question 76

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement the so-called "right time"

Answer 76

serial clockd

Question 77

deflects us down one road rather than another

Answer 77

chance events

Question 78

what are the two aspects that dominate adulthood?

Answer 78

Intimacy - forming close relationships Generativity - being productive and supporting future generations

Question 79

a feeling that one's life has been meaningful and worthwhile

Answer 79

sense of integrity