Chapter 8 - Mood Flashcards
(17 cards)
what are the ends of the mood disorder spectrum.
High emotionality: Mania
Low emotionality: Depression
what is depression. What is the onset? what is the average duration of an episode if left untreated?
Depressed mood or loss of interest reflecting change from previous functioning
9 months
25 but its decreasing
what does it mean mixed features? Seasonal pattern of depression (prevelance?)? what kinds of treatment for depression?
o Mixed features: indicate when someone along with their depression have some symptoms of mania but don’t meet criteria for BPD
o Seasonal pattern of depression (15% city of seasonal cycling of mood).
- Treatment:
o Non-pharmacologic:
Exercise
Diet
Psychotherapy (depends on therapist and client relationship)
o Pharmacologic:
Antidepressants.
o ECT: electric current passed through brain to induce a seizure which helps but we don’t know why.
what is hypomania and mania? how long do they have to last?
Mania: Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood or energy. (1 week)
Hypomania: Less severe version of a manic episode. May not be a marked impairment in social functioning. Only last 4 days rather than a week, we may not super notice it, can be subjective experience but not sure common in destruction or hospitalization.
what is euthymia and unipolar?
emotional homeostatis
having only eaither depression or mania
what is recurrent depression? what is the prevelanc of recurrent after a single episode?
o 2+ depressive episodes have occurred and are separated by at least 2 months then that depression is considered recurrent (80% of single episode of depression is followed by a later depressive episode).
what is persistent depressive disorder? how long does it have to last? is it chronic? what is double depression?
- Lower-level recurring depression and is often chronic (median is 5 years). (no suicidality)
- Don’t meet depression but would be close chronically but not the level of suicidality as there tends to be for major depressive episode.
- Individuals can have persistent depressive disorder and also have a major depressive episode where they have persistent dysthymia and then sometimes meet criteria for depressive episode.
- Double depression: lower level persistent depression and having a depressive episode.
what is dysphoric manic episode
- Dysphoric manic episode: symptoms of major depressive episodes but also symptoms of mania or hypomania.
what is bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 and rapid cycling specifier? what are the ages of onset? when do people stop getting it? what is the prevelance of Bipolar 2 progressing to bipolar 1
- Rapid cycling specifier is included if there are at least 4 manic or depressive episodes in a year.
Bipolar 1: Full manic episode usually followed by criteria for major depressive episode. (sometimes mistaken for borderline personality disorder) (18 years old onset) - Manic symptoms have to be happening for 7 days.
Bipolar 2: Hypomanic episode followed by same major depressive episodes. (22 years old – 10-15% cases progress to bipolar 1) - After 40 people don’t develop bipolar.
what is cyclothymia
Cyclothymia: Criteria for hypomanic but not full criteria for major depressive episode.
what are the prevelance rates universally for mood disorders? how much higher are they in first nation communities? higher rate among what kinds of people?
- Prevalence rate of mood disorders is similar across cultures but there are different expressions between individualist (hopelessness around own future) and collectivist (focussed on lost meaning in our culture) cultures.
- 4x higher in indigenous cultures than others.
- Higher rate of mood disorders among creative individuals (e.g. poets
what is depressive realism
- Depressive Realism: Theory of what if reality itself was more depressive than what we make it out to be. We may be over promoting happiness, but sensor of sadness might be normal. Constant happiness might be an illusion and what would happen if we faced this illusion. Critical of CBT because trying to reframe things might be harmful. What is positive thinking representing positive bias aspect of unrealistic thinking
what genetic infleunces are believed to cause mood disorders> Permissive hypothesis? Sleep?
- Familial and genetic influences (twin studies: Depression 37%)
- NT systems – Permissive Hypothesis: Regulating serotonin can result in other NT to range for widely. More important about the overall balance of various NT rather than the absolute level of one.
- Sleep: Individuals with depression have earlier starting REM cycle where they have a tendency to have more intense rem cycles and deeper sleep doesn’t occur later on in the night
o Insomnia and hypersomnia
o Shorter or longer sleeps overall we are at risk for depression. - Psychological dimensions (stress and trauma):
what is the learned helplessness thoery and negative congitive styles?
o Learned helplessness (Seligman): People become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution (3 parts) that they have no control over the stress in their lives.
1. Internal: Negative events as personal failings.
2. Stable: Bad things will always be my fault.
3. Global: Stems into other issues
o Negative Cognitive Styles (Beck): Arbitrary inference is when someone tends to emphasize the negative rather than the positive of a situation. We make these negative assumptions called the cognitive triad:
1. Ourselves (I’m bad)
2. World
3. Future
how do mood disorders impact interpersonal relationships?
- Interpersonal Relationships
o Depression causes men to turn inward and pull away from partners
o Withdrawal of men withdrawing causes women to get depression.
o Bipolar disorder people less likely to get married and higher rates of divorce.
what are teh different kinds of mood disorder treatment?
- Medications:
o Tricyclic depressants (regulate norepinephrine) had bad side effects
o SSRI’s
o Monoamine oxidase (MAO): class of medications that blocks the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin. So, if we block the enzyme we will have more norepinephrine and serotonin.
Fewer side effects but bad contradictions with certain foods
o Lithium: effects CNS with serious side effects but pretty effective in treating manic episodes. - ECT: Stimulate seizures in brain area to increase activity
- TMS: going for source rather than symptoms holding bias towards physiology of there being one cause
- Cognitive Therapy: Focussing on thinking patterns
How significant is suicide in canada? gender diffeences? what is a suicide cluster?
- Significant and problematic issue the world faces (15-19 years old being the 4th leading cause of death – in Canada it is the 2nd).
- Women 3x more likely to attempt suicide but men are 2-4x to die by suicide (use more lethal means).
- Can look at it in a way that our psyche is trying to adapt
- Suicide Clusters: Suicidal bx can fall within an accelerated time frame and geographical area.
o Adolescents are usually the most effected.
