Chapter 8: Movement

Question 0

Define aerobic

Answer 0

Requiring the use of oxygen during movements

Question 1

What’re smooth muscles?

Answer 1

They control the digestive system and other organs

Question 2

Define anaerobic

Answer 2

Proceeding without using oxygen at the time of a reaction

Question 3

What are antagonistic muscles?

Answer 3

Opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth

Question 4

What is a Babinski reflex?

Answer 4

The extension of the big toe and fanning of the others, by an infant, when the sole of the foot is stroked

Question 5

What is ballistic movement?

Answer 5

Motion that proceeds as a single organized unit that cannot be redirected once it begins

Question 6

What’re cardiac muscles?

Answer 6

Muscles of the heart that have properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles

Question 7

What’re central pattern generators?

Answer 7

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Question 8

Define extensor

Answer 8

Muscle that straightens the limb

Question 9

What’re fast-twitch fibers?

Answer 9

Muscle fibers that produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly

Question 10

Define flexor

Answer 10

Muscle that flexes the limb

Question 11

What is a Golgi tendon organ?

Answer 11

Receptors that respond to increases in muscle tension; inhibit further contractions

Question 12

What is a grasp reflex?

Answer 12

A reflexive grasp of an object placed firmly in the hand

Question 13

What is a motor program?

Answer 13

A fixed sequence of movements

Question 14

What is a muscle spindle?

Answer 14

A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Question 15

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 15

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Question 16

What is a proprioceptor?

Answer 16

A receptor that detects the position or movement if a part of the body

Question 17

What’re reflexes?

Answer 17

Automatic muscle responses to stimuli

Question 18

What is a rooting reflex?

Answer 18

When an infant’s cheek is touched, the infant turns toward the stimulated cheek and begins to suck

Question 19

What’re skeletal (striated) muscles?

Answer 19

Muscles that control movement of the body in relation to the environment

Question 20

What’re slow-twitch fibers?

Answer 20

Muscle fibers that have less vigorous contractions and no fatigue

Question 21

What is a stretch reflex?

Answer 21

A reflexive contraction or a muscle in response to a stretch of that muscle

Question 22

Which transmitter causes a skeletal muscle to contract?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine

Question 23

If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?

Answer 23

The muscle spindle

Question 24

What is an antisaccade task?

Answer 24

A voluntary eye movement away from the normal direction

Question 25

What is a basal ganglia?

Answer 25

A group of sub cortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus; critical for learning new habits

Question 26

What is a caudate nucleus?

Answer 26

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

Question 27

What is a cerebellar cortex?

Answer 27

The surface of the cerebellum

Question 28

What're corticospinal tracts?

Answer 28

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Question 29

Define globus pallidus

Answer 29

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

Question 30

What is a lateral corticospinal tract?

Answer 30

A set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the peripheral muscles

Question 31

What is a medial corticospinal tract?

Answer 31

Set of axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and medulla; responsible for control of bilateral muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

Question 32

What're mirror neurons?

Answer 32

Cells that are active during a movement and while watching someone else perform the same movement

Question 33

What're nuclei of the cerebellum?

Answer 33

Clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum

Question 34

What're parallel fibers?

Answer 34

Axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

Question 35

What is the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 35

Area with a mixture of visual, somatosensory, and movement functions, particularly in monitoring the position of the body relative to objects in the world

Question 36

What is the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 36

Anterior portion of the frontal lobe, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement

Question 37

What is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 37

Area of the prefrontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus; a primary point of origin for axons conveying messages to the spinal cord

Question 38

What're Purkinje cells?

Answer 38

Flat cells in sequential planes, in the cerebellar cortex, parallel to one another

Question 39

What is putamen?

Answer 39

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

Question 40

What's readiness potential?

Answer 40

Recordable activity in the motor cortex prior to voluntary movement

Question 41

What is a red nucleus?

Answer 41

A midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the arm muscles

Question 42

What is the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 42

Area of the frontal cortex; active during the preparation of a rapid sequence of movements

Question 43

What is a vestibular nucleus?

Answer 43

Cluster of neurons in the brainstem, primarily responsible for motor responses to vestibular sensation

Question 44

_____ -> caudate nucleus & putamen

Answer 44

Cerebral cortex

Question 45

Cerebral cortex -> _____&_____ -> globus pallidus

Answer 45

Caudate nucleus & putamen

Question 46

Caudate nucleus & putamen -> _____-> thalamus & midbrain

Answer 46

Globus pallidus

Question 47

Globus pallidus -> _____ & _____

Answer 47

Thalamus & midbrain

Question 48

Thalamus -> _____

Answer 48

Motor and prefrontal areas of cerebral cortex

Question 49

Purkinje cells inhibit and release what neurotransmitter?

Answer 49

GABA

Question 50

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are all part of the ____

Answer 50

Basal ganglia