Chapter 8- Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Define hydrocarbons

Answer 1

Molecules that are made up of carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

Define saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 2

Contain only a single carbon-carbon bond

Question 3

Define unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Have either two or three carbon-carbon bonds

Question 4

Are hydrocarbons soluble in water?

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

Are hydrocarbons generally polar or non-polar?

Answer 5

Non-polar

Question 6

What type of bonding holds hydrocarbons together?

Answer 6

Dispersion Forces

Question 7

What substances are hydrocarbons soluble in?

Answer 7

Non-polar

Question 8

Explain the trend in boiling point for hydrocarbons

Answer 8

The boiling point increases when the hydrocarbon chains increase this can be explained due to increased dispersion forces.

Question 9

Explain the patter in boiling points in regards to branched hydrocarbons

Answer 9

When molecule is branched they have a lower boiling point as the atoms are furthur away from eachother and have less dispersion forces.

Question 10

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 10

Saturated

Question 11

How many bonds do alkanes contain?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

What is the formula for alkanes?

Answer 12

CnH2n+2

Question 13

What are the main reactions that occur in alkanes?

Answer 13

• Combustion

- Substitution (with any halogens)

Question 14

Define an Isomer

Answer 14

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have a different structural formula
-Structural isomers will have different properties and different names due to their difference in shapes/

Question 15

What type of bond do alkenes have?

Answer 15

A double bond

Question 16

What endings do alkenes have?

Answer 16

-ene

Question 17

What reactions do alkenes undertake?

Answer 17

• Combustion

- Self Addition

Question 18

How many bonds do alkyenes have?

Answer 18

Three

Question 19

What is the ending for alkyne?

Answer 19

-yne

Question 20

What is the formula for alkynes?

Answer 20

CnH2n-2

Question 21

What Reactions will alkyne undertake?

Answer 21

Combustion and Addition

Question 22

Define Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Answer 22

Hyrdocarbons that have formed rings

Question 23

An example of a unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 23

Benzene

Question 24

Name the rules for naming hydrocarbons

Answer 24

1. Determine the longest chain
2. Number from which end nearest to a branch, functional group or a triple or double bond
3. Name any branches first with the ending -yl e.g methyl
4. Name side groups alphabetically
5. 2 or me of the same side group is on a different carbon atoms prefxes such as di, tri and tetra are used

Question 25

What are condensed formulas for hydrocarbons?

Answer 25

Also known as semi-structural formulas used to represent an organic compound in a single line

Question 26

Define a Functional Group

Answer 26

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that bind to an organic molecule to give is specific functional prperties

Question 27

What symbols represent the alcohols?

Answer 27

-OH

Question 28

What is the -OH group called

Answer 28

"Hydroxy"

Question 29

When naming alchols what is the suffix that is given?

Answer 29

-ol

Question 30

What are the properties of alcohols?

Answer 30

- hydrogen bonding in alchols affect the boiling point | - Smaller alcohols are soluble in water, but solubility is decreasing as the non-polar section is increasing

Question 31

What are the reactions of alcohols?

Answer 31

Combustion reactions in the air

Question 32

Define the Carboxylic Acids

Answer 32

-COOH and is attached to the end of an organic compound.

Question 33

When naming carboxylic acids what is the suffix that is used?

Answer 33

-oic acid

Question 34

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

Answer 34

- Same properties as acids, but generally wea acids | - High boiling points

Question 35

What reactions do carboxylic acids undertake?

Answer 35

Esterfication

Question 36

What is an esterfication reaction?

Answer 36

When carboxylic acids react with alchols to form "esters"

Question 37

What are some properties of esters?

Answer 37

- Intermolecular is dipole-dipole | - Low boiling point

Question 38

Where do hydrocarbons come from?

Answer 38

Crude Oil

Question 39

What is crude oil also known as?

Answer 39

petroleum

Question 40

How is crude oil seperated?

Answer 40

In a fractional distillation tower.

Question 41

Define fractional distilaltion

Answer 41

Seperating one mixture into various via different boiling points

Question 42

What is the order of the fractional distillation tower?

Answer 42

The lighter fractions are at the top of the tower due to their lower boiling points - The heaver liquids will sit at the bottom of the tower due to their high boiling points

Question 43

Define cracking

Answer 43

Large hyrdrocarbons are broken down into smaller ones that are more useful

Question 44

Define Thermal Cracking

Answer 44

When high temperatures are used to break down the large hydrocarbons

Question 45

Define Catalytic Cracking

Answer 45

When a catalyst is used to break down the large hydrocarbon.

Question 46

What is crude oil and where did it come from?

Answer 46

- Dead animals and plants from a long time ago - Carbon based creatures - Heated under extreme heat and pressure turns into crude oil - Crude oil can be seperated into various substances

Question 47

What does cracking produce?

Answer 47

An alkene and an alkane