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ap government > Chapter 8 - Parties > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Parties Flashcards

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0
Q

Election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence

A

Party-centered campaigns

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1
Q

An ongoing coalition of interests joined together to try to get their candidates for public office elected under a common label

A

Political party

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2
Q

Election campaigns in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence

A

Candidate-centered campaigns

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3
Q

An institution that serves to connect citizens with government. _________ institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media

A

Linkage institutions

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4
Q

A process in which conflict over society’s goals is transformed by political parties into electoral competition in which the winner gains the power to govern

A

Party competition

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5
Q

Periods of extraordinary party change

A

Realignments

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6
Q

Four basic elements of a party realignment

A
  1. The disruption of political order because of a divisive issue.
  2. An election in which voters strongly support one party.
  3. A major change in policy brought about by the newly dominant party.
  4. An enduring change in party coalitions which works to the lasting advantage of the newly dominant party
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7
Q

A system in which only two political parties have a real chance of acquiring control of the government

A

Two-party system

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8
Q

A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition

A

Multiparty system

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9
Q

The form of representation in which only the candidate who gets the most votes in a district wins office

A

Single-member districts

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10
Q

Representation in which legislature are allocated proportionally according to each political party’s share of the popular vote. (System enables smaller parties to compete successfully for seats)

A

Proportional representation

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11
Q

The theory that parties in a two party system can maximize their vote by locating themselves at the position of the voter whose preferences are exactly in the middle

A

Median voter theorem

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12
Q

The groups and interest that support a political party

A

Party coalition

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13
Q

The the fence of women and men to differ in their political attitudes and voting preferences

A

Gender gap

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14
Q

A minor party that bases its appeal on the claim that the major parties are having a corrupting influence on government and policy

A

Reform party

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15
Q

A minor party formed around one issue of overriding interest to its followers

A

Single-issue party

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16
Q

A minor party characterized by its commitment to a broad and no centrist philosophical position

A

Ideological party

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17
Q

A minor party created when a group within one of the major parties breaks away to form its own party

A

Factional party

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18
Q

The organizational units at narional, state, and local levels; their influence has been decreased over time because of many factors

A

Party organizations

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19
Q

The designation of a particular individual to run as a political party’s candidate in the general election

A

Nomination

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20
Q

A form of election in which voters choose a party’s nominees for public office. In most of these elections, eligibility to vote is limited to voters who are registered members of the party

A

Primary election (district primary)

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21
Q

Campaign funds given directly to candidates to spend as they choose ( has limits)

A

Hard money

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22
Q

Campaign contributions that are not subject to legal limits and are given to parties rather than directly to candidates (these contributions are no longer legal)

A

Soft money

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23
Q

The situation in which party organizations assist candidates for office but have no power to require them to support the party’s main policy positions

A

Service relationship

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24
Q

A term used to describe the fact that US campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete successfully

A

Money chase

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25
Q

The professionals who advise candidates on various aspects of their campaigns, such as media use, fundraising, and polling

A

Political consultants

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26
Q

A term of modern campaigning that refers to the process of recasting a candidate’s record into an appealing image

A

Packaging

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27
Q

A term that refers to the fact that modern campaigns are often a battle of opposing televised advertising campaigns

A

Air wars

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28
Q

These two are used to identify issues and messages that will resonate with voters

A

Polls and focus groups

29
Q

What are interest groups called in federalist 10

A

Factions

30
Q

A split ticket is

A

A ticket in which you vote differently on issues that don’t coincide with only one party, which in turn weakens parties

31
Q

How do split tickets weaken parties

A

Because voters don’t vote in agreeable with every single one of a party’s issues

32
Q

Parties in the us vs parties in Europe

A

Parties in the US are more broad and subject to be adapted whilst the parties in Europe are larger in quantity and greed towards more specific interest groups

33
Q

A ____________ seeks to elect candidates to a public office

A

Political party

34
Q

Is there more party loyalty in the US or in Europe?

A

Europe, party loyalty among republicans and democrats has diminished in the US

35
Q

Are parties nowadays stronger or weaker than before?

A

Parties now are weaker than before

36
Q

People see affiliation to a party as a __________

A

Label

37
Q

As time progresses, more and more people are calling themselves

A

Independent

38
Q

Why do primaries waken parties

A

People are choosing an individual within the party, and party members may have fragmented opinions towards which individual is best

39
Q

What is a primary

A

Where a party picks their candidate for the general election

40
Q

How are CAMPAIGNS different in Europe than in the US

A

In Europe candidates are elected by party leaders, not the people. The party runs the campaign, not the candidate

41
Q

Why is American government decentralized

A

Because the federal government has become nationalized and they make decisions on schooling and welfare which used to be made by local governments

42
Q

American implications of joining a party vs European implications

A

In America joining a party doesn’t mean much but in Europe joining a party means paying dues, attending meetings, going to labor unions, youth groups, and party affiliated everything

43
Q

What did the founding fathers think of parties

A

They thought parties were bad and called them harmful factions; even George Washington warned of the dangers of political factions in his farewell address

44
Q

What is patronage

A

A tangible benefit for supporting a candidate

45
Q

Examples of patronage

A

If you help by contributing to a campaign, a candidate will help you out after he’s won the race by giving you jobs and benefits in return

46
Q

Progressives did not agree with

A

Patronage

47
Q

Progressives began to attack corruption in

A

Big businesses, big government, voting fraud, etc

48
Q

How is today’s government regarding the independence of each of its levels

A

Today, each level, local, state, and federal,exists on its own with little or no organization and exist independently from each other.

49
Q

What did the hatch act do

A

Cut down on offering govt jobs in return for service or support

50
Q

As voters grew in education, income, and sophistication, the need for _____________ sank

A

Party welfare system

51
Q

The opposite of a political machine

A

An ideological party ( all about principle, spurns money incentives, and is usually contentious and factionalized, like pro or anti abortionists)

52
Q

A political machine is a

A

Poll organization that recruits members through tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over members

53
Q

People who participate politically just for fun respond to

A

Solitary incentives

54
Q

Solidary associations are

A

Old machines that broke down and whose members still work together for friendship and old times sake

55
Q

Why are two party systems so rare

A

Because most states are based on plurality in which the winner takes all even though they don’t necessarily have more than half of the vote

56
Q

How do proportions of seats work in England

A

If a party wins 20% of the votes, they get 20% of the chairs

57
Q

Ideological parties

A

Have outlooks that are radically different from those of established parties

58
Q

One issue parties

A

Usually stay focussed in a single issue like abortion or slavery, and only care about that issue

59
Q

Economic protest parties

A

Usually based in one region, protest certain economic conditions during tough economic times,can’t disappear when conditions improve

60
Q

What type of party is the communist party

A

Ideological

61
Q

What type of party is the libertarian party

A

Ideological

62
Q

What type of party is the socialist party

A

Ideological

63
Q

What type of party is a party focussed on prolife, peochoice, or prohibition

A

Single issue party

64
Q

What type of party is the free backers

A

Economic protest

65
Q

What type of party is the populist party

A

Economic protest

66
Q

What is the most successful type of third party

A

Factional/ splintered party

67
Q

What is a Factional/splintered parties

A

Split off of the republicans or democrats

68
Q

What type of party is the Dixiecrat party

A

Factional

69
Q

What type of party is bull moose

A

Factional

70
Q

What type of ballot is this

prez
Obama (D)
Romney (r)
Johnson (l)

Congress
Garcia
Corbello

A

Office block (Massachusetts)

71
Q

What type of ballot is this

GOP
prez
Gov
House

Dem
Prez
Gov
House

A

Party column ballot (Indiana)

ap government (10 decks)

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