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Human Geography > Chapter 8 Political Geo > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Political Geo Flashcards

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0
Q

What brought the European way of politically organizing space in the states to the rest of the world?

A

Colonialism

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1
Q

When did decolonization occur in Africa

A

1940-1990s esp 1960

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2
Q

How did European colonialism organize the world?

A

As a huge functional region controlled from Europe and designed to serve Europe’s economic and political interest

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3
Q

What is political geography?

A

The study of the political organization of the world

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4
Q

What is a country or state?

A

A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population ,defined territory ,and a government ; an entity that is recognized by other states

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5
Q

What is territory?

A

political units with fixed distinct boundaries

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6
Q

What is Territoriality?

A

The attempt by an individual or group to affect ,influence ,or control people ,phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

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7
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

Having a recognized right to control territory both politically and militarily ,and when you have the right to defend your territorial integrity against incursion from other states

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8
Q

What is mercantilism

A

The desire for accumulation of wealth, colonies benefit mother country

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9
Q

What marks the beginning of the modern state system?

A

Peace of Westphalia

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10
Q

What was the piece of Westphalia

A

Negotiated in 1648 among the princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire as well as a few neighboring states, made the foundation of a Europe made up of mutually recognized territorial states

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11
Q

In previous eras, where a society lived constituted its territory ,in the Westphalian system it became…

A

The territory that defined the society

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12
Q

What caused the political revolutions of Europe in the 1780s

A

The development of an increasingly wealthy middle-class

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13
Q

What is a nation

A

A group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who seek some degree of political- territorial autonomy

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14
Q

How is a nation an imagined community

A

Because one will never meet all the people in the nation ,and it is a community because one nonetheless sees oneself as part of that nation

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15
Q

What is a nationstate

A

A politically organized area in which nation and state occupied the same space

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16
Q

What is democracy

A

When people have the ultimate say over what happened within the state

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17
Q

What idea was rising in the 1800s in Europe

A

The quest to form nationstates along with nationalism

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18
Q

What is nationalism from the point of view of the people

A

When people have a strong sense of nationalism they have a loyalty to and a belief in the nation itself ,this loyalty is not necessarily coincide with the borders of the state

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19
Q

What is nationalism from the point of view of the state

A

When a state attempts to promote a sense of nationhood that coincides with its own borders

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20
Q

Which century was the true age of nationalism Europe

A

The 19th century

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21
Q

Nearly every state in the world is a

A

Multinational state

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22
Q

What is a multinational state

A

A state with more than one nation inside its borders

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23
Q

What is a multistate nation

A

When a nation stretches across borders and across states

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24
It is difficult to maintain control over language ,religion ,or way of life without control over...
Territory
25
What are stateless nations
Nations that do not have a state
26
What are some examples of stateless nations
Palestinian Arabs and the Kurdish people
27
Europe exported it's concepts of state ,sovereignty, and the desire for nationstates to much of the rest of the world ,through two waves of
Colonialism
28
When was the first wave of colonialism
16th century
29
When was the second wave of colonialism
Late 1800s
30
Which areas emerged as a major centers of economic and political activity after colonialism ended
European states and areas dominated by European immigrants
31
What are the three major tenets of the world- systems theory
1. the world economy has one market and the global division of labor 2. Although the world has multiple states almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy 3. The world economy has a three tier structure
32
When did the world economy began how did it again and when did encompass the globe
It began and 1450 with the Columbian exchange and encompassed the world by 1900
33
What does capitalism mean
Means that in the world economy individuals corporations and states produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit
34
How do producers generate a profit
By seeking the cheapest production and cost and through commodification
35
What is the most expensive of all production costs
Labor
36
What is commodification
The process of placing a price on a good service or idea and then buying selling and trading the item
37
What are the three tiers of world system
The core , periphery and semi-periphery
38
The core is where you would find
Higher levels of education ,higher salaries ,and more technology
39
What would you find in the periphery
Lower levels of education and lower salaries and less technology
40
What is the semi-periphery
Places where the core and periphery processes are both occurring ,,places are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery
41
Economic power means
Wealth
42
Political power means
The ability to influence others to achieve your goal
43
In which conference were the borders of African countries decided
The Berlin conference
44
Did the borders of African countries that were Drawn and the Berlin conference become the official borders of the countries today?
Yes
45
What are the forces with in a state that unify the people
Centripetal
46
What forces divide people with in a state
Centrifugal
47
Until the end of World War II European states were highly...
Centralized
48
What are highly centralized states
Unitary government
49
What are unitary governments designed to do
Designed to ensure the central government authority over all parts of the state
50
Most states in the world are either...
Unitary or federal states
51
What is a federal system
Organizing state territory into regions with their own powers
52
What differentiates a strong federal system from a week federal system
The amount of power that the central government retains
53
Which political system is the most geographically expressive
Federal system
54
What is devolution
Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
55
Which type of forces can stimulate devolution
Ethnocultural and economic and territorial
56
The regions most likely to seek Devolution are
Far from The national capital, or islands
57
What is Electoral geography
How the spatial configuration of Electoral districts and the voting patterns that emerge in particular elections reflect and influence social and political affairs
58
What is territorial representation
System where representatives are elected from territorially defined Districts
59
What is the reapportionment
Process by which districts are moved according to population shifts so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
60
How often does reapportionment occur
Every 10 years
61
What occurs after reapportionment
Redistricting
62
Which level of government performs redistricting
Government of states
63
What is redistricting trying to achieve
Equal representation
64
What is redistricting for advantage
Gerrymandering
65
What is a boundary actually
A vertical plane
66
What is defining the boundary
When actual points in a landscape or points of latitude and longitude are described in a treaty like legal document
67
What is delimiting the boundary
Drawing it on a map
68
What is demarcating the boundary
Using some visible means to mark the boundary on the ground
69
Demarcating a boundary is not common because it is
Expensive
70
What is administrating a boundary
Determining how the boundary will be maintained and which goods and people may cross
71
What are geometric boundaries
Boundaries that are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude
72
What are physical -political boundaries
Boundaries that are on an agreed-upon feature in the natural landscape
73
What is a problem with physical boundaries
Topographic features are not static
74
What are the four types of boundary disputes
Definitional locational operational and allocational
75
What are definitional boundary disputes
Dispute over the legal language of the boundary agreement
76
What are locational boundary disputes
Those that center over the delimitation or possibly the demarcation of the boundary
77
What are operational boundary disputes
When countries disagree over the way their border should function
78
What are allocational boundary disputes
Those over the resources above and below the boundary
79
What is geopolitics
The interplay among geography power politics and international relationships
80
What are the two schools of classical geopolitics
The German school and the British-American school
81
How were geopolitics time in the German school
Explain why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful
82
How are geopolitics taught in the British-American
offered strategic advice for identifying parts of earths surface that were particularly important for the maintenance and projection of power
83
What does a German school believe that states needed in order to survive
Territory
84
What did the British-American school think was essential for world domination
Land power
85
What did Mackinder call the pivot area or heartland
Eastern Europe to Eastern Siberia
86
What theory did Mackinder propose
The heartland theory
87
What did Mackinder called the world Island
Eurasia
88
Who rules East Europe commands the heartland ,who rules the heartland commands the world Island, who rules the world island commands the world Is?
The heartland theory
89
Why wasn't the term geopolitics in use after World War II
It had a negative connotation
90
What is critical geopolitics
The basic concept that intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about geographical circumstances and places, these ideas influenced and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and then affect what happens and how most people interpret
91
What was the world order after the Cold War
The UK and the US against the USSR
92
What is unilateralism
When a country acts alone
93
What feeling prevented Americans unilateralism from becoming the dominant force
Anti-Americanism
94
What is a supranational organization
An entity composed of three or more states that forge an Association and form an Association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and pursuit of Shared goals
95
What was the first ma,jor supranational organization
The league of Nations which was formed after World War I
96
Which major country did not join the League of Nations
The US
97
In all how many states participated in the league of Nations
63
98
What supranational organization formed after World War II
The United Nations
99
How many members does the United Nations have
192
100
What was the Marshall plan
The largest foreign aid program in history
101
What unifies the European Union
The euro (euro zone)
102
Members of the EU are required to help other countries out of
Financial problems
103
What unifies states around the world
Globalization
104
What is deterritorialization
The processes of globalization ,network communities ,and the like that undermine the states traditional territorial authority
105
What is reterritorialization
When a state moves to solidify control over its territory
106
"Majority minority districts are...
Those where minorities make up the majority
107
In a strong federal system...
Regions have a lot of power
108
A week federal system
The centralized government has more power
109
What was the first sub-Saharan African colony to become independent
Ghana
110
What Is territorial integrity
Right to /control over territory
111
States use---- to create national ideals
Security, infrastructure , goods and services, education, military, health care
112
When did independence movements occur in the Americas
Late 1700s and 1800s
113
Who came up with world systems theory
Wallerstein
114
Who described censure pedal and sensual fugal forces
Hartstone
115
Gerrymandering named after
Governors elbridge Gerry
116
Philosopher for German school
Rat zel
117
Who was the main philosopher for the British American school
Mackinder

Human Geography (5 decks)

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