Chapter 8 Powerpoint (Review)

Question 1

What is Metabolism?

Answer 1

All chemical reactions in a cell.

Question 2

What are Metabolic Pathways?

Answer 2

Series of reactions building or breaking molecules.

Question 3

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

Answer 3

Reaction that releases energy.

Question 4

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

Answer 4

Reaction that requires energy input.

Question 5

What is Anabolism?

Answer 5

Building large molecules (requires energy).

Question 6

What is Catabolism?

Answer 6

Breaking large molecules (releases energy).

Question 7

What is an Autotroph?

Answer 7

Organism that uses CO2 as a carbon source.

Question 8

What is a Heterotroph?

Answer 8

Organism that uses organic compounds as carbon source.

Question 9

What is a Phototroph?

Answer 9

Gets energy from light.

Question 10

What is a Chemotroph?

Answer 10

Gets energy from chemical bonds.

Question 11

What is an Organotroph?

Answer 11

Uses organic molecules for electrons/energy.

Question 12

What is a Lithotroph?

Answer 12

Uses inorganic molecules for electrons/energy.

Question 13

What is Oxidation?

Answer 13

Loss of electrons.

Question 14

What is Reduction?

Answer 14

Gain of electrons.

Question 15

What is a Redox Reaction?

Answer 15

Combined oxidation and reduction.

Question 16

What is an Electron Carrier?

Answer 16

Molecule that transports high-energy electrons (e.g., NAD+).

Question 17

What is NAD+?

Answer 17

Major electron carrier in catabolism (becomes NADH when reduced).

Question 18

What is FAD?

Answer 18

Electron carrier that becomes FADH2.

Question 19

What is NADP+?

Answer 19

Electron carrier used mainly in biosynthesis and photosynthesis (becomes NADPH).

Question 20

What is ATP?

Answer 20

Cell’s main energy currency.

Question 21

What is Phosphorylation?

Answer 21

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

Question 22

What is ADP?

Answer 22

ATP missing one phosphate (lower energy).

Question 23

What is AMP?

Answer 23

ATP missing two phosphates (even lower energy).

Question 24

What is Activation Energy?

Answer 24

Energy needed to start a reaction.

Question 25

What is a Catalyst?

Answer 25

Speeds up a reaction without being changed.

Question 26

What is an Enzyme?

Answer 26

Protein catalyst in cells.

Question 27

What is a Substrate?

Answer 27

Reactant that an enzyme acts upon.

Question 28

What is an Active Site?

Answer 28

Where substrate binds on enzyme.

Question 29

What is Induced Fit?

Answer 29

Enzyme adjusts shape to bind substrate well.

Question 30

What is a Cofactor?

Answer 30

Inorganic helper (e.g., Mg2+) for an enzyme.

Question 31

What is a Coenzyme?

Answer 31

Organic helper (e.g., vitamins) for an enzyme.

Question 32

What is an Apoenzyme?

Answer 32

Inactive enzyme missing its cofactor/coenzyme.

Question 33

What is a Holoenzyme?

Answer 33

Active enzyme with its cofactor/coenzyme.

Question 34

What is a Competitive Inhibitor?

Answer 34

Competes with substrate for the active site.

Question 35

What is a Noncompetitive Inhibitor?

Answer 35

Binds elsewhere, changes enzyme shape.

Question 36

What is Feedback Inhibition?

Answer 36

End product inhibits an early enzyme in a pathway.

Question 37

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 37

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Question 38

What is the EMP Pathway?

Answer 38

Most common glycolysis route (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas).

Question 39

What is Pyruvate?

Answer 39

End product of glycolysis (3-carbon molecule).

Question 40

What is the Transition Reaction?

Answer 40

Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2.

Question 41

What is Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 41

Two-carbon molecule entering the Krebs cycle.

Question 42

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 42

Cycle that fully oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, producing NADH/FADH2.

Question 43

What is Oxaloacetate?

Answer 43

4-carbon compound that starts and ends the Krebs cycle.

Question 44

What is the Electron Transport System (ETS)?

Answer 44

Transfers electrons, pumps protons, generates gradient.

Question 45

What is Proton Motive Force?

Answer 45

Electrochemical gradient of H+ used to make ATP.

Question 46

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 46

ATP production via ETS and chemiosmosis.

Question 47

What is Chemiosmosis?

Answer 47

Flow of H+ through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Question 48

What is Aerobic Respiration?

Answer 48

Uses oxygen as final electron acceptor.

Question 49

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

Answer 49

Uses a non-oxygen final electron acceptor.

Question 50

What is Fermentation?

Answer 50

NADH re-oxidized to NAD+ without the ETS, yielding 2 ATP per glucose.

Question 51

What is Homolactic Fermentation?

Answer 51

Fermentation pathway producing only lactic acid.

Question 52

What is Alcohol Fermentation?

Answer 52

Produces ethanol and CO2 (e.g., yeast).

Question 53

What are Lipases?

Answer 53

Enzymes that break down lipids (fats).

Question 54

What is β-oxidation?

Answer 54

Process that breaks fatty acids into acetyl-CoA.

Question 55

What are Proteases?

Answer 55

Enzymes that digest proteins into amino acids.

Question 56

What is Photosynthesis?

Answer 56

Using light to convert CO2 to sugars.

Question 57

What are Light-Dependent Reactions?

Answer 57

Capture light energy to make ATP/NADPH.

Question 58

What are Light-Independent Reactions?

Answer 58

Use ATP/NADPH and CO2 to make sugars (Calvin cycle).

Question 59

What is RuBisCo?

Answer 59

Enzyme that fixes CO2 onto RuBP in Calvin cycle.

Question 60

What is Oxygenic Photosynthesis?

Answer 60

Water is electron donor, O2 released.

Question 61

What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis?

Answer 61

Non-water electron donors, no O2 produced.

Question 62

What is Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

Answer 62

Makes ATP only (via Photosystem I).

Question 63

What is Noncyclic Photophosphorylation?

Answer 63

Makes ATP and NADPH (Photosystems II & I).

Question 64

What is Bioremediation?

Answer 64

Using microbes to degrade pollutants.

Question 65

What are Xenobiotics?

Answer 65

Foreign chemicals not naturally found in an environment.