chapter 8 pt.2 Flashcards
1
Q
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body is a
A
VITAMIN
2
Q
About 50% to 90% of the water-soluble vitamins in the diet are absorbed, which means they have a relatively high ______.
A
bioavailability
3
Q
The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.
A
FAT; WATER
4
Q
Exposure to ______ can cause a loss of certain vitamins
A
heat; light; oxygen
5
Q
Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are three ______ that can be converted to retinol, the active form of vitamin A.
A
carotenoids
6
Q
If you consume above the RDA of the water-soluble vitamins, the excesses are excreted from the body. Which two water-soluble vitamins are not excreted and stored in the liver?
A
vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6.
7
Q
Which vitamin plays a major role in maintaining the health of the epithelial cells?
A
vitamin A
8
Q
What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency?
impaired vision
weakened immune system
weakened immune system
stunted growth
loss of bone density
A
impaired vision
weakened immune system
stunted growth
9
Q
The two categories of functional foods are ______.
A
zoochemicals & phytochemicals
10
Q
Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include:
fortified milk.
broccoli.
sweet potatoes.
carrots.
margarine.
A
broccoli.
sweet potatoes.
carrots.
11
Q
What is the UL for carotenoids?
A
There is no UL for carotenoids.
12
Q
Vitamin A maintains the health of the ______ cells, which line the surfaces of the lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, and bladder.
A
epithelial
13
Q
Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?
-Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency.
-deficiencies result in metabolic problems w/ processing carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
-Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world.
-Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.
A
Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world.
Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.
14
Q
Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
-calcium.
-vitamin C.
-vitamin D.
-fluoride.
A
vitamin D.
15
Q
High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because
A
the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases.
the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated.
16
Q
Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______.
A
phosphorus
17
Q
A compound manufactured by one organ that has a physiological effect on another organ or tissue is called a(n)
A
hormone
18
Q
Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?
A
Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption
19
Q
The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is
A
yellowing of the skin
20
Q
Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of
A
calcium.
phosphorus.
21
Q
The RDA for vitamin D for adults from 19 to 70 years is ______ micrograms per day.
A
15
22
Q
Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from
A
overuse of supplemental vitamin D.
23
Q
The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is
A
tocopherols
24
Q
What is the UL for vitamin D for adults?
A
100 micrograms
25
When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include
calcium deposits in organs.
gastrointestinal disorders
26
Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include
preterm infants & smokers.
27
The names of the four tocotrienols are called what?
alpha, beta, delta, gamma
28
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?
-dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1oz
-low-fat Greek yogurt, 1cup
-dried apricots (1/2 cup)
-sunflower oil, 1 TBSP
-dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1oz
-dried apricots (1/2 cup)
-sunflower oil, 1 TBSP
29
Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin?
K
30
Pair each form of vitamin K with its source.
-PHYLLOQUINONE
-MENAQUINONE
-MENADIONE
-synthetic
-gut bacteria
-green plants
phylloquinone
& green plants
menaquinone & bacteria
menadione & synthetic
31
True or false: Preterm infants tend to have low stores of vitamin E because this nutrient is transferred from the mother to the fetus near the end of gestation
TRUE
Many nutrients are transferred from the mother to the fetus during the last few weeks of gestation. Thus, preterm infants are at risk for several nutrient deficiencies, including vitamin E deficiency.
32
Vitamin E is found naturally in many _____
plant oils
33
What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?
Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.
34
Choose the processes that stop blood loss and maintain hemostasis:
a) thinning of blood
b) vasoconstriction
c) coagulation
d) platelet plug formation
b) vasoconstriction
c) coagulation
d) platelet plug formation
35
A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______.
bruising & excessive bleeding
36
Vitamin K serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ______.
calcium
37
Which of the MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?
Vegetables
38
Hemostasis describes body processes that
stop blood loss.
39
Which statements about B vitamins are true?
-They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.
-They are absorbed in their coenzyme forms.
-They have relatively high bioavailability.
-They are best consumed as a supplement in their coenzyme forms.
-They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.
-They have relatively high bioavailability.
40
How are the B vitamins absorbed?
free vitamins
41
he B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is
thiamin
42
Typical North American B vitamin status is good because
sources of B-vitamins are plentiful.
many foods are fortified with B vitamins.
43
Refining grains leads to a loss of
germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain.
B vitamins.
44
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of
thiamin
45
The primary function of
______ is to aid in the release of energy from carbohydrate.
thiamin
46
Pork is an excellent source of thiamin. For an individual that does not eat pork, what are some food choices that would also be good sources of thiamin?
dried beans
ready-to-eat breakfast cereals
enriched grains
47
Which B vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of some vitamins and minerals, plays an indirect role in the body's antioxidant defense system, and participates in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways?
riboflavin
48
Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain
more vitamin E.
more fiber.
more magnesium.
49
Food sources of riboflavin include
eggs.
milk.
enriched grains.
50
Which two food groups supply the most thiamin in the typical American diet?
Protein foods
Grains
51
Which of the following B-vitamins plays a role in the body's antioxidant defense system as a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?
riboflavin
52
The coenzyme forms of ______ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.
niacin
53
Deficiencies of the following B vitamins often occur jointly because they all come from similar food sources.
thiamin
niacin
vitamin B-6
riboflavin
54
Cow's milk is an excellent source of
riboflavin
55
Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin?
-diabetes
-dermatitis
-diarrhea
-dementia
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
56
what is niacin?
a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food
57
the human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ___mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin.
60
58
Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "from every side."
-biotin
-panthothenic acid
-vitamin B-12
-folic acid
panothenic acid
59
Choose the true statements about pantothenic acid deficiency.
-pantothenic acid deficiency is very common.
-a pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable.
-symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.
-might occur in alcoholism along w/ a nutrient-deficient diet.
-a pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable.
-symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.
-might occur in alcoholism along w/ a nutrient-deficient diet.
60
The Adequate Intake (AI) for pantothenic acid is ______ milligrams per day for adults. Average consumption is ______.
a)25; significantly below this amount
b) 5; in excess of this amount
c) 5; significantly below this amount
d) 10 ; in excess of this amount
5; in excess of this amount
61
The coenzyme form of ______ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism
vitamin B-6.
62
Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?
-anemia
-nerve problems
-impaired blood clotting
-impaired immune response
anemia, nerve problems, impaired immune response
63
The average intake of pantothenic acid of North Americans is ______ the AI.
greater than
64
Which two B vitamins are needed for the synthesis of tryptophan to niacin?
-vitamin B-6.
-riboflavin
-pantothenic acid
-thiamin
vitamin B-6 & riboflavin
65
The functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.
-homocysteine metabolism
-the regulation of fluid balance
-the synthesis of neurotransmitters
-the synthesis of nonessential amino acids
homocysteine metabolism
the synthesis of neurotransmitters
the synthesis of nonessential amino acids
66
Because it is necessary for over 100 reactions in amino acid metabolism, a deficiency of ______ leads to widespread symptoms, including depression, skin disorders, and nerve problems.
vitamin B-6.
67
Biotin assists in adding carbon dioxide to other compounds, which is needed for synthesizing ______.
-vitamins & minerals.
-fatty acids.
-glucose.
-certain amino acids.
fatty acids & glucose.
68
The body's needs for niacin are met by ______.
the synthesis from tryptophan & protein foods & enriched grains
69
Functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.
conversion of tryptophan to niacin
synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin
breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose
70
Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?
nerve problems
anemia
impaired immune response
71
A B-vitamin that functions in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is ______.
biotin
72
Possible symptoms of biotin deficiency include ______.
nausea and vomiting
skin inflammation
muscle pain and weakness
73
The food supply is thought to provide 40 to 60 micrograms of biotin per person per day, which ______ the AI for biotin.
exceeds
74
The deficiency disease that causes scaly, inflamed skin, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weakness is due to a lack of which B-vitamin?
biotin
75
A key function of ______ is to supply or accept single carbon compounds.
folate
76
The AI for biotin for adults is
30 micrograms/day.
77
A deficiency of ______ results in macrocytic anemia because of its role in DNA synthesis.
folate
78
The dietary folate equivalents (DFE) take into account the differences between the bioavailability of synthetic folic acid and natural folate. Which is more bioavailable?
synthetic folic acid
79
Which of the following MyPlate food groups has the highest nutrient density for folate?
vegetables
80
Choose the examples of how folate functions.
-Folate contributes to the development of coenzymes that aid in the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids.
-Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.
-Folate is essential for the metabolism of pyruvate.
-Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.
Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.
81
Due to its potency, a UL has been set for:
a) folic acid only
b) folate found naturally in foods only
c) both folic acid & folate that occurs naturally in foods
folic acid only
82
A deficiency of folate can lead to macrocytic anemia because of its role in ______.
DNA synthesis
83
Place the steps of vitamin B-12 absorption in the correct order:
- cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 correct toggle button unavailable
-formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex incorrect toggle button unavailable
-absorption of vitamin B-12
-secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells incorrect toggle button unavailable
1. cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12.
2. secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells
3. formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex
4. absorption of vitamin -B12.
84
Which food group provides the least amount of folate?
Protein
85
A key function of ______ is to supply or accept single carbon compounds.
folate
86
______ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells.
a) vitamin C
b) vitamin A
c) vitamin B-12
d) vitamin B-6
c) vitamin B-12
87
Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach?
a) absorption of vitamin B-12
b) binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein
c) cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12
d) secretion of intrinsic factor
b) binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein
c) cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12
d) secretion of intrinsic factor
88
To meet the daily requirements for folate, a person might include which foods in his or her diet?
a)pork & lean beef
b) green leafy veggies
c) apple juice
d) enriched cereals
green leafy vegetables
enriched cereals
89
Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it:
a) is required for formation of myelin.
b) has an antioxidant role in nervous tissue
c) is a precursor to some neurotransmitters
a) is required for formation of myelin.
90
A vitamin B-12 deficiency that results from the malabsorption of vitamin B-12, not from an inadequate intake, is called ______.
pernicious anemia
91
Neurological symptoms from a vitamin B-12 deficiency include ______.
a) impaired reflexes
b) eventual paralysis
c) malnourishment from poor food intake
d) dysfunctional muscle control
a) impaired reflexes
b) eventual paralysis
d) dysfunctional muscle control
92
Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?
a) citrus fruits
b) cauliflower
c) papayas
d) whole wheat bread
a) citrus fruits
b) cauliflower
c) papayas
93
why will megadoses of vitamin C not be toxic?
vitamin C is water soluble & not stored.
94
Forming body proteins, helping improve iron absorption, forming numerous compounds in the body, and supporting body defenses are all functions of ______.
vitamin C
95
Choline plays a role in synthesis of which of the following components of the cell membrane?
a) phospholipids
b) aquaporins
c) cholesterol
d) glycoproteins
a) phospholipids
96
Adult men need ______ milligrams of choline per day.
a) 425
b) 550
b) 550
97
Side effects of excessive intake of choline include:
a) low blood pressure
b) neuromuscular effects
c) fishy body odor
d) increased blood pressure
a) low blood pressure
c) fishy body odor
98
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that primarily functions in
cell membrane structure
99
Vitamin-like compounds include:
a) carnitine
b) tryptophan
c) taurine
d) inositol
e) sucralose
a) carnitine
c) taurine
d) inositol
100
Which of the following is considered a dietary supplement?
a) branched chain amino acids
b) low-fat cookies & crackers
c) multiple vitamin
a) branched chain amino acids
c) multiple vitamin
101
A person who relies on vitamin and mineral supplements rather than a balanced diet to obtain adequate nutrition is likely to miss out on:
a) phytochemicals
b) nutrient toxicities
c) fiber
a) phytochemicals
c) fiber
102
When choosing supplements, look for the ____ label which indicates that the product has been evaluated and meets professionally accepted standards of supplement quality.
USP
