Chapter 8 Review

Question 1

The most abundant biomolecules on Earth. Central role in energy yielding pathway. Structural element in DNA/RNA. Structural element of cell wall

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

(C*H2O)n with n >/= 3

Question 3

All amino acids have ______-stereochemistry

Answer 3

L

Question 4

All carbohydrates have _______-stereochemistry.

Answer 4

D

Question 5

2^n (n is the # of stereocenter carbons)

Answer 5

of stereoisomers

Question 6

2 kinds of carbohydrates

Answer 6

Aldehydes & Ketones (vary only based on where the carbonyl is)

Question 7

Alcohol + aldehyde =

Answer 7

hemiacetal

Question 8

alcohol + ketone =

Answer 8

hemiketal

Question 9

Linear carbohydrates are not common. Most of the time the ________ is being attacked by the chain’s _______.

Answer 9

ketone ; alcohol

Question 10

Aldehyde

Answer 10

O
       l l
       C
     /     \
 H        C

Question 11

Ketone

Answer 11

O
      ll
      C
    /    \
R         R

Question 12

6-membered ring

Answer 12

Pyran

Question 13

5-membered ring

Answer 13

Furan

Question 14

_________ is the only sugar that has all the bulkiest substituents equatorial.
The most stable (and abundant) sugar

Answer 14

Glucose

Question 15

Oxidation of an aldehyde produces

Answer 15

carboxylic acid

Question 16

Oxidation of primary alcohols produces

Answer 16

Uronic acids

Question 17

Reduction of aldehyde produces

Answer 17

alditols

Question 18

Reduction of alcohols produces

Answer 18

deoxy sugars

Question 19

Amine substitution of alcohol

Answer 19

Amino sugars

Question 20

Cellulose is linked via ___ configuration on the anomeric carbon

Answer 20

β

Question 21

α-amylose is linked via ___ configuration. α-amylose is also irregularly aggregating ________ coiled configuration.

Answer 21

α ; helically

Question 22

Glycosaminoglycans are

Answer 22

Repeating Disaccharide Units

Question 23

_____- amino acids occur in the bacterial cell walls.

Answer 23

L

Question 24

Proteoglycan (Bottle Brush)

Answer 24

Protein connected to glycan

Question 25

Why would a protein want to be connected to a polysaccharide?

Answer 25

- Adds flexibility - Communication between units - Sample space - Important for antibodies (antigen is found on the outside of the cell)

Question 26

What proteins are modified by polysaccharides?

Answer 26

Cell membrane proteins

Question 27

D-configuration means

Answer 27

OH group is on the right

Question 28

L-configuration means

Answer 28

OH group is on the left

Question 29

Epimers

Answer 29

Sugars that differ only by the configuration around one C atom.

Question 30

Enantiomers

Answer 30

molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another. A type of stereoisomer.

Question 31

Diastereomers

Answer 31

members of each pair of enantiomers

Question 32

Anomers

Answer 32

Sugars that differ only in the configuration around the anomeric carbon.

Question 33

β anomer

Answer 33

OH substituent is on the same side

Question 34

α anomer

Answer 34

OH is on the opposite side of the ring from CH2OH group at the chiral center that designates the D or L configuration.

Question 35

Anomeric Carbon

Answer 35

Carbon #1 with OH group. This is where the nitrogen base attacks. CH2OH is the 5' carbon.