Chapter 14 Review

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

• Exergonic Reaction
• Degradation of molecules to produce energy and raw material
• Energy from this goes on to Anabolism

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

• Endergonic Reaction
• Biosynthesis of molecules from simpler molecules.
• Requires Energy

Question 3

Catabolism and Anabolism are coupled together to make these “high-energy” compounds:

Answer 3

• ATP

- NADH

Question 4

Molecules that we may degrade:

Answer 4

• Glucose (sugars, aka carbs or monosaccharides)
• Fats
• Proteins

Question 5

Organisms can be classified by their __________.

Answer 5

metabolism

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

“self-feeders”

Question 7

Chemolithotrophs

Answer 7

Receive energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules NH3, H2S, Fe2+

Question 8

Photoautotrophs

Answer 8

Obtain energy through photosynthesis

Question 9

Obligate aerobes

Answer 9

Need O2 to survive; Us

Question 10

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 10

Can live with or without O2. Ex: E. coli

Question 11

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 11

O2 poisons them.

Question 12

Metabolism of O2 leads to

Answer 12

O2- (superoxide)

Question 13

_______ we need to consume because we can’t synthesize them ourselves.

Answer 13

Vitamins, minerals and trace elements

Question 14

What is the most important mineral (especially in regards to ATP)?

Answer 14

Magnesium

Question 15

All metabolic pathways are connected by _______________.

Answer 15

Enzymatic reactions

Question 16

Catabolism

Answer 16

• Exergonic process
• Break down
• Produces energy that is then used to make high energy intermediates

Question 17

Anabolism

Answer 17

• Endergonic
• Biosynthesis
• Requires energy

Question 18

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle occur in the _______.

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

With glycolysis, glucose becomes _________, which is then used in the __________.

Answer 19

pyruvate ; mitochondria

Question 20

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 20

The study of energy transductions

Question 21

Bioenergetics have to ______________.

Answer 21

OBEY the laws of thermodynamics.

Question 22

(delta) G

Answer 22

Free energy change of a reaction.

Question 23

+ (delta) G

Answer 23

The system gains free energy (endergonic)

-Reaction is unfavorable. (nonspontaneous)

Question 24

• (delta) G

Answer 24

The system loses free energy (exergonic)

-Reaction is favorable. (spontaneous)

Question 25

(delta) H

Answer 25

change in enthalpy (heat) from the conversion of reactants to products.

Question 26

+ (delta) H

Answer 26

the system takes in heat (endothermic)

Question 27

- (delta) H

Answer 27

the system loses heat (exothermic)

Question 28

(delta) S

Answer 28

change in entropy (disorder) that results from a reaction

Question 29

+ (delta) S

Answer 29

the products of a reactions are more disordered than the reactants. (entropy increases)

Question 30

- (delta) S

Answer 30

the products of a reaction are less disordered than the reactants. (entropy decreases)

Question 31

(delta) G =

Answer 31

(delta) H - T (delta)S

Question 32

(delta) G* =

Answer 32

-RT ln(Keq)

Question 33

At equilibrium (or near equilibrium), reactions ______________________.

Answer 33

are easily reversed

Question 34

Reactions far from equilibrium are ____________.

Answer 34

irreversible

Question 35

Metabolic pathways are _________.

Answer 35

Irreversible; confers directionality

Question 36

Every metabolic pathway has ____________.

Answer 36

A committed step (usually an irreversible exergonic step that occurs early on)

Question 37

Catabolic and Anabolic pathways ________.

Answer 37

differ

Question 38

The body is at a constant metabolic _______.

Answer 38

Flux

Question 39

What controls flux?

Answer 39

Rate-determining steps

Question 40

Flux

Answer 40

The rate of flow of metabolites through a metabolic pathway. Steady state

Question 41

4 ways to control Flux

Answer 41

1) Allosteric Control (Negative Feedback Regulation) 2) Covalent Modifications (just phosphorylation; ex: hormone signaling) 3) Substrate cycles 4) Genetic Control (make more enzymes = faster reaction)

Question 42

Metabolism of Glucose

Answer 42

C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6 H2O -2850 kJ/mol exergonic reaction

Question 43

Metabolism of Fatty Acids

Answer 43

C16H32O2 + 23O2 --> 16 CO2 + 16 H2O -9781 kJ/mol exergonic reaction

Question 44

Oxidation of Glucose is used to make ________.

Answer 44

ATP

Question 45

There is ___________ between the (gamma and beta) phosphate and the (alpha and beta) phosphate of ATP. Thus, when breaking either of these bonds through ________, it ________ (delta) G.

Answer 45

electrostatic ; hydrolyzation ; lowers

Question 46

There is a large negative free energy change associated with ATP hydrolysis. This comes from these 3 things:

Answer 46

1) Electrostatic Respulsion 2) Resonance stabilization (the free phosphate shares e- better) 3) Solvation energy (energy associated with relieving stress to make it more soluable

Question 47

High-energy phosphates include

Answer 47

1) Acetyl phosphate | 2) 1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate

Question 48

Low-energy phosphates include

Answer 48

1) alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate | 2) L-Glycerol-3-phosphate

Question 49

The four ways for an electron to transfer from a donor to an acceptor

Answer 49

1) Directly as electrons (Redox Rxns). 2) Hydrogen atoms 3) Hydride Ions 4) Through direct combination with oxygen

Question 50

The two most important electron transfer mechanisms for biological systems:

Answer 50

1) Directly as e- | 2) Hydride Ions