chapter 8 study guide

Question 1

What was Frederick Griffith investigating when he noticed only one type of bacterium killed the mice studied?

Answer 1

bacterium that cause pneumonia

Question 2

Which type of bacterium killed the mice injected? Which bacterium did not?

Answer 2

S-type, R-type

Question 3

What was Griffith’s conclusion after mice were injected with a combination of heat-killed S-type and live R-type bacterium, but still died?

Answer 3

Some type of “material” was transferred from the S-type to R-type

Question 4

What did Griffith label this mystery material?

Answer 4

Transforming principle

Question 5

What did Oswald Avery & his team add to bacterium extract to show DNA was the “transforming principle?

Answer 5

enzyme that specifically destroyed DNA

Question 6

What type of virus did biologists Hershey and Chase use to prove that genetic material was made of DNA?

Answer 6

bacteriophage

Question 7

To prove DNA was being transferred from virus to host, Hershey and Chase tagged DNA with what?

Answer 7

Radioactive phosphorus/radioactive isotopes

Question 8

What are the monomers that make up a DNA molecule called? What are their three parts?

Answer 8

Nucleotides;
phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen-containing base

Question 9

How many nucleotides make up a molecule of DNA? What is their only difference?

Answer 9

Four,Their nitrogen-containing base

Question 10

List the four nucleotides found in DNA?

Answer 10

Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Guanine

Question 11

What was Chargaff’s major discovery?

Answer 11

DNA arrangement was different for different organisms

Question 12

What type of scientists were Watson and Crick? What was there major discovery regarding DNA?

Answer 12

Geneticist and physicist, The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA

Question 13

What type of bonds hold DNA together? What type of bonds hold nucleotide bases
together?

Answer 13

covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds

Question 14

What term is given to the principle that DNA strands are complimentary?

Answer 14

Base-pairing rules

Question 15

What can be figured out if the base sequence of one strand of the DNA double helix is known?

Answer 15

The sequence
of the other strand

Question 16

What assurance does DNA replication provide for an organism?

Answer 16

That every cell has a complete set of
identical genetic information

Question 17

Name the only function of DNA?

Answer 17

Storing information

Question 18

What does the actual work of DNA replication?

Answer 18

Enzymes and other proteins

Question 19

What is the end result of the group of enzymes DNA polymerase “acting” on an “unzipped” DNA strand?

Answer 19

Two complete molecules of identical DNA

Question 20

Which type of bonds must be broken for DNA polymerase to “unzip” the double helix?

Answer 20

Hydrogen bonds

Question 21

What pairs with the exposed bases as the template strand “unzips”?

Answer 21

free nucleotides

Question 22

What happens when DNA polymerases bond the nucleotides together?

Answer 22

They form a new complementary
strand

Question 23

What is the end result of the DNA replication process?

Answer 23

Two identical molecules of DNA

Question 24

How fast does DNA replication happen? How long does complete replication take?

Answer 24

Very quickly, A few hours

Question 25

What function does DNA polymerase have to detect, remove, and replace nucleotide errors?

Answer 25

“proofreading”

Question 26

Who defined the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 26

Francis Crick

Question 27

In which way does information flow?

Answer 27

From DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 28

What does DNA transcription converts a DNA message into?

Answer 28

RNA

Question 29

Where does DNA translation occur in eukaryotes? What about replication and transcription?

Answer 29

In the cytoplasm of the cell , In the nucleus

Question 30

What does RNA act as between DNA in the nucleus and protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?

Answer 30

An intermediate link

Question 31

What is the main difference between RNA nucleotides and DNA nucleotides?

Answer 31

RNA has the base Uracil in place of Thymine

Question 32

How many strands of nucleotides is RNA? How many is DNA?

Answer 32

Single strand,Double strand

Question 33

What is DNA transcription catalyzed by?

Answer 33

RNA polymerase

Question 34

List the three parts of Step 1 of DNA transcription.

Answer 34

RNA polymerase recognizes the transcription start site of a gene; assembles on the DNA strand; unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule

Question 35

What are the three major types of RNA molecules? Which type delivers amino acids?

Answer 35

Messenger, Ribosomal, &Transfer, Transfer RNA

Question 36

What is the mRNA message converted into during DNA translation?

Answer 36

A polypeptide used to build proteins

Question 37

What does DNA coding provide the cell with instructions for?

Answer 37

How to use amino acids to build proteins

Question 38

What are the three types of codons used in the process of DNA translation?

Answer 38

Start, regular, and stop

Question 39

Where in the cell does the process of translating a codon into an amino acid occur?

Answer 39

The ribosome of a cell’s cytoplasm