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Anatomy & Physiology - ALU 201 > Chapter 8 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce the segments of the myelin sheath to electrically insulate neurons of the CNS

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2
Q

Microglia

A

Capable of movement & phagocytosis of pathogens & damaged tissue

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide a framework for the developing fetal brain & support established neurons
Regulate localized blood flow in response to brain activity
Help maintain K+ level
Contributes to the blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Ependyma

A

Line the ventricles of the brain & central canal of the spinal cord; many of the cells have cilia; involved in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

Polarization (the neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse)

A

Neuron membrane has a positive charge outside & a negative charge inside
Na+ ions are more abundant outside the cell
K+ ions & negative ions are more abundant inside the cell. Sodium & potassium pumps maintain these ion concentrations

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6
Q

Depolarization (generated by a stimulus)

A

Neuron membrane becomes very permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into cell
Neuron membrane then has negative charge outside and a positive charge inside

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7
Q

Propagation of the impulse from point of stimulus

A

Depolarization of part of the membrane makes adjacent membrane very permeable to Na+ ions, subsequent depolarization, which similarly affects the next part of the membrane, and so on
The depolarization continues along the membrane of the neuron to the end of the axon

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8
Q

Repolarization (immediately follows depolarization to complete the action potential)

A

Neuron membrane becomes very permeable to K+ ions which rush out of the cell. This restores the positive charge outside and negative charge inside the membrane
The Na+ ions are returned outside and the K+ ions are returned inside by the sodium and potassium pumps
The neuron is now able to response to another stimulus & generate another impulse

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9
Q

Phrenic C3-C5

A

Diaphragm

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10
Q

Radial C5-C8, T1

A

Skin & muscles of posterior arm, forearm, hand, thumb, first 2 fingers

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11
Q

Median C5-C8, T1

A

Skin and muscles of anterior arm, forearm and hand

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12
Q

Ulnar C8, T1

A

Skin and muscles of medial arm, forearm, hand, little finger, ring finger

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13
Q

Intercostal T2-T12

A

Intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, skin of trunk

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14
Q

Femoral L2-L4

A

Skin and muscles of anterior thigh, medial leg, foot

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15
Q

Sciatic L4-S3

A

Skin and muscles of posterior thigh, leg and foot

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16
Q

I. Olfactory

A

sense of smell

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17
Q

II. Optic

A

sense of sight

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18
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

Movement of eyeball; constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision

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19
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

Movement of eyeball

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20
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

Sensation in face, scalp, teeth; contraction of chewing muscles

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21
Q

VI. Abducens

A

Movement of eyeball

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22
Q

VII Facial

A

Sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles, secretion of saliva

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23
Q

VIII Acoustic (vestibulocochlear)

A

Sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium

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24
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Sense of taste; sensory for cardiac, respiratory & blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva

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25
X Vagus
Sensory in cardiac, respiratory & bp reflexes; sensory & motor to larynx (speaking); decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis); increases digestive secretions
26
XI Accessory
Contraction of neck & shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking)
27
XII Hypoglossal
Movement of tongue
28
CNS location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies
Sympathetic: Thoracic & lumbar spinal cord Parasympathetic: Brainstem & sacral spinal cord
29
Location of ganglia
Sympathetic: Most are in 2 chains beside the vertebral column Parasympathetic: Near or in the visceral effectors
30
Preganglionic neurons
Sympathetic: Relatively short; Release acetylcholine at the synapse in the ganglion Parasympathetic: Relatively short; All release acetylcholine at the visceral effector
31
Postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic: Relatively short; Most release norepinephrine at the visceral effector Parasympathetic: Relatively short; All release acetylcholine at the visceral effector
32
Extent of neuron pathways
Sympathetic: Widespread effect: One preganglionic neuron synapses with many postganglionic neurons to many effectors Parasympathetic: Localized effect: One preganglionic neuron synapses with few postganglionic neurons to one effector
33
Heart (cardiac muscle)
Sympathetic: increase rate Parasympathetic: Decrease rate (to resting normal)
34
Bronchioles (smooth muscle)
Sympathetic: Dilate Parasympathetic: Constrict (to normal)
35
Iris (smooth muscle)
Sympath: Pupil dilates Parasympathetic: Pupil constricts (to normal)
36
Salivary glands
Sympath: Decrease secretion Parasympathetic: Increase secretion (to normal)
37
Stomach & Intestines (smooth muscle)
Sympath: Decrease peristalsis Parasympathetic: Increase peristalsis for normal digestion
38
Stomach & Intestines (glands)
Sympath: Decrease secretion Parasympathetic: Increase secretion for normal digestion
39
Internal & sphincter
Sympath: Contracts to prevent defecation Parasympathetic: Relaxes to permit defecation
40
Liver
Sympath: Changes glycogen to glucose Parasympathetic: None
41
Pancreas
Sympath: Secretes glucagon Parasympathetic: Secretes insulin & digestive enzymes
42
Sweat glands
Sympath: Increase secretion Parasympathetic: None
43
Blood vessels (smooth muscle) in skin & viscera
Sympath: Constrict Parasympathetic: None
44
Blood vessels (smooth muscle) in skeletal muscle
Sympath: Dilate (acetylcholine); Constrict (norepinephrine) Parasympathetic: None
45
Adrenal glands
Sympath: Increase secretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine Parasympathetic: None
46
CNS (Central Nervous System)
consists of brain, spinal cord
47
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves | relays info to & from CNS & brain
48
somatic nervous system
connects brain & spinal cord w/ skeletal muscles under voluntary control (arms, legs) w/ sensory organs including skin receptors conveying info about touch & pain
49
ANS (autonomic nervous system)
- part of PNS - connects brain & spinal cord w/ internal organs & all involuntary processes (heart rate, respiration & digestive, aka enteric autonomic) - consists of motor portions of some cranial, spinal nerves - visceral motor neurons to visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) - sympathetic & parasympathetic function in opposition to each other
50
sensory neurons
afferent neurons, carry impulses from receptors to CNS
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receptors
detect external, internal changes & generate impulses that travel along afferent neurons to CNS somatic - skin, skeletal muscles & joints visceral - internal organs
52
motor neurons
efferent neurons, carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands), muscles contract or relax, glands secrete or don't somatic - skeletal muscles visceral - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
53
interneurons
w/in CNS, carry only sensory or motor impulses or integrate these functions visceral motor neurons - make up automatic nervous system
54
spinal nerves
31 pairs 8 cervical to head, neck, shoulder, arm & diaphragm 12 thoracic to trunk 5 lumbar & 5 sacral to hip, pelvic cavity, leg 1 small coccygeal pair
55
5 essential parts to Reflex Arc
receptors - detect change, generate impulses sensory neurons - transmit impulses from receptors to CNS CNS - contains 1 or more synapses motor neurons - transmit impulses from CNS to effector effector - performs its characteristic action
56
stretch reflex
muscle that is stretched will contract, reflexes keep us upright against gravity
57
flexor reflexes
painful stimulus will cause withdrawal of the body part, reflexes are protective
58
spinal shock
temporary loss of spinal cord reflexes
59
brain
part of CNS w/in skull, regulates activity of rest of nervous system
60
ventricles
4 cavities w/in brain
61
medulla
regulates vital functions of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, reflexes of coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting
62
pons
2 respiratory centers that work w/ those in medulla
63
midbrain
contains centers for visual reflexes, auditory reflexes, equilibrium reflexes
64
cerebellum
regulates coordination, muscle tone, stopping movements, posture, equilibrium, sensory functions involving texture & weight, muscle memory
65
hypothalamus
1. produces ADH to increase water absorption by kidneys to maintain blood volume; sensation of thirst; produces oxytocin causing uterine contractions 2. produces releasing hormones - growth releasing hormone 3. regulates body temp 4. regulates food intake 5. integrates functioning of autonomic nervous system - activity of organs 6. stimulates visceral responses during emotional situations 7. regulates body rhythms
66
thalamus
groups sensory impulses as to body part before relaying to cerebrum; suppresses unimportant sensations to permit concentration; awareness of pain but inability to localize; contributes to alertness, awareness, memory
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cerebrum
largest part of brain, 2 hemispheres
68
cerebral cortex (fore brain)
surface gray matter of cerebrum, contains cell bodies of neurons to carry out functions of cerebrum
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frontal lobe
- motor areas that initiate voluntary movement, movement of hands & face - premotor areas regulate learned motor skills that require sequence of movements - prefrontal or orbitofrontal cortex for aspects of social behavior - Broca's motor speech area regulates movements involved in speech
70
parietal lobes
- general sensory area feels & interprets the cutaneous senses & conscious muscle sense - taste area overlaps w/ temporal lobe - thought before speech
71
temporal lobes
- olfactory areas for sense of smell & interpretation - auditory areas for hearing & interpretation - speech areas for thought before speech
72
occipital lobes
- interprets what is seen - interpretation areas for spatial relationships - neural plasticity (ability to adapt to changing needs, recruit different neurons for certain functions)
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aphasia
damage to speech areas or interpretation areas of cerebrum, may impair 1 or more aspects of person's ability to use language
74
auditory aphasia (word deafness)
can hear but not comprehend
75
visual aphasia (word blindness)
can see but not make sense of written words
76
association areas
in all lobes, for abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, personality - hippocampi essential for formation of memories - right hippocampus involved w/ spatial cognition, makes memories 3-dimensional, mentally visible
77
basal ganglia
paired masses of gray matter w/in white matter of cerebral hemisphere; regulate subconscious aspects of voluntary movement; regulate muscle tone, gestures, facial expressions
78
cranial nerves
12 pairs, concerned w/ vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell and many other functions
79
sympathetic division
dominates during stressful situations, responses prepare body to meet physical demands
80
parasympathetic division
localized responses (one organ); dominates in relaxed situations to promote normal functioning of several organ systems

Anatomy & Physiology - ALU 201 (6 decks)

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