Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology - ALU 201 > Chapter 8 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce the segments of the myelin sheath to electrically insulate neurons of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microglia

A

Capable of movement & phagocytosis of pathogens & damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide a framework for the developing fetal brain & support established neurons
Regulate localized blood flow in response to brain activity
Help maintain K+ level
Contributes to the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ependyma

A

Line the ventricles of the brain & central canal of the spinal cord; many of the cells have cilia; involved in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polarization (the neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse)

A

Neuron membrane has a positive charge outside & a negative charge inside
Na+ ions are more abundant outside the cell
K+ ions & negative ions are more abundant inside the cell. Sodium & potassium pumps maintain these ion concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Depolarization (generated by a stimulus)

A

Neuron membrane becomes very permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into cell
Neuron membrane then has negative charge outside and a positive charge inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Propagation of the impulse from point of stimulus

A

Depolarization of part of the membrane makes adjacent membrane very permeable to Na+ ions, subsequent depolarization, which similarly affects the next part of the membrane, and so on
The depolarization continues along the membrane of the neuron to the end of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Repolarization (immediately follows depolarization to complete the action potential)

A

Neuron membrane becomes very permeable to K+ ions which rush out of the cell. This restores the positive charge outside and negative charge inside the membrane
The Na+ ions are returned outside and the K+ ions are returned inside by the sodium and potassium pumps
The neuron is now able to response to another stimulus & generate another impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phrenic C3-C5

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Radial C5-C8, T1

A

Skin & muscles of posterior arm, forearm, hand, thumb, first 2 fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Median C5-C8, T1

A

Skin and muscles of anterior arm, forearm and hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ulnar C8, T1

A

Skin and muscles of medial arm, forearm, hand, little finger, ring finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intercostal T2-T12

A

Intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, skin of trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Femoral L2-L4

A

Skin and muscles of anterior thigh, medial leg, foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sciatic L4-S3

A

Skin and muscles of posterior thigh, leg and foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

I. Olfactory

A

sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

II. Optic

A

sense of sight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

Movement of eyeball; constriction of pupil in bright light or for near vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

Movement of eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

Sensation in face, scalp, teeth; contraction of chewing muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

VI. Abducens

A

Movement of eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

VII Facial

A

Sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles, secretion of saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

VIII Acoustic (vestibulocochlear)

A

Sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Sense of taste; sensory for cardiac, respiratory & blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

X Vagus

A

Sensory in cardiac, respiratory & bp reflexes; sensory & motor to larynx (speaking); decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis); increases digestive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

XI Accessory

A

Contraction of neck & shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

Movement of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CNS location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies

A

Sympathetic: Thoracic & lumbar spinal cord
Parasympathetic: Brainstem & sacral spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Location of ganglia

A

Sympathetic: Most are in 2 chains beside the vertebral column
Parasympathetic: Near or in the visceral effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic: Relatively short; Release acetylcholine at the synapse in the ganglion
Parasympathetic: Relatively short; All release acetylcholine at the visceral effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic: Relatively short; Most release norepinephrine at the visceral effector
Parasympathetic: Relatively short; All release acetylcholine at the visceral effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Extent of neuron pathways

A

Sympathetic: Widespread effect: One preganglionic neuron synapses with many postganglionic neurons to many effectors
Parasympathetic: Localized effect: One preganglionic neuron synapses with few postganglionic neurons to one effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Heart (cardiac muscle)

A

Sympathetic: increase rate
Parasympathetic: Decrease rate (to resting normal)

34
Q

Bronchioles (smooth muscle)

A

Sympathetic: Dilate
Parasympathetic: Constrict (to normal)

35
Q

Iris (smooth muscle)

A

Sympath: Pupil dilates
Parasympathetic: Pupil constricts (to normal)

36
Q

Salivary glands

A

Sympath: Decrease secretion
Parasympathetic: Increase secretion (to normal)

37
Q

Stomach & Intestines (smooth muscle)

A

Sympath: Decrease peristalsis
Parasympathetic: Increase peristalsis for normal digestion

38
Q

Stomach & Intestines (glands)

A

Sympath: Decrease secretion
Parasympathetic: Increase secretion for normal digestion

39
Q

Internal & sphincter

A

Sympath: Contracts to prevent defecation
Parasympathetic: Relaxes to permit defecation

40
Q

Liver

A

Sympath: Changes glycogen to glucose
Parasympathetic: None

41
Q

Pancreas

A

Sympath: Secretes glucagon
Parasympathetic: Secretes insulin & digestive enzymes

42
Q

Sweat glands

A

Sympath: Increase secretion
Parasympathetic: None

43
Q

Blood vessels (smooth muscle) in skin & viscera

A

Sympath: Constrict
Parasympathetic: None

44
Q

Blood vessels (smooth muscle) in skeletal muscle

A

Sympath: Dilate (acetylcholine); Constrict (norepinephrine)
Parasympathetic: None

45
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Sympath: Increase secretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: None

46
Q

CNS (Central Nervous System)

A

consists of brain, spinal cord

47
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves

relays info to & from CNS & brain

48
Q

somatic nervous system

A

connects brain & spinal cord w/ skeletal muscles under voluntary control (arms, legs) w/ sensory organs including skin receptors conveying info about touch & pain

49
Q

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

A
  • part of PNS
  • connects brain & spinal cord w/ internal organs & all involuntary processes (heart rate, respiration & digestive, aka enteric autonomic)
  • consists of motor portions of some cranial, spinal nerves
  • visceral motor neurons to visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
  • sympathetic & parasympathetic function in opposition to each other
50
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons, carry impulses from receptors to CNS

51
Q

receptors

A

detect external, internal changes & generate impulses that travel along afferent neurons to CNS
somatic - skin, skeletal muscles & joints
visceral - internal organs

52
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons, carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands), muscles contract or relax, glands secrete or don’t
somatic - skeletal muscles
visceral - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

53
Q

interneurons

A

w/in CNS, carry only sensory or motor impulses or integrate these functions
visceral motor neurons - make up automatic nervous system

54
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
8 cervical to head, neck, shoulder, arm & diaphragm
12 thoracic to trunk
5 lumbar & 5 sacral to hip, pelvic cavity, leg
1 small coccygeal pair

55
Q

5 essential parts to Reflex Arc

A

receptors - detect change, generate impulses
sensory neurons - transmit impulses from receptors to CNS
CNS - contains 1 or more synapses
motor neurons - transmit impulses from CNS to effector
effector - performs its characteristic action

56
Q

stretch reflex

A

muscle that is stretched will contract, reflexes keep us upright against gravity

57
Q

flexor reflexes

A

painful stimulus will cause withdrawal of the body part, reflexes are protective

58
Q

spinal shock

A

temporary loss of spinal cord reflexes

59
Q

brain

A

part of CNS w/in skull, regulates activity of rest of nervous system

60
Q

ventricles

A

4 cavities w/in brain

61
Q

medulla

A

regulates vital functions of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, reflexes of coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

62
Q

pons

A

2 respiratory centers that work w/ those in medulla

63
Q

midbrain

A

contains centers for visual reflexes, auditory reflexes, equilibrium reflexes

64
Q

cerebellum

A

regulates coordination, muscle tone, stopping movements, posture, equilibrium, sensory functions involving texture & weight, muscle memory

65
Q

hypothalamus

A
  1. produces ADH to increase water absorption by kidneys to maintain blood volume; sensation of thirst; produces oxytocin causing uterine contractions
  2. produces releasing hormones - growth releasing hormone
  3. regulates body temp
  4. regulates food intake
  5. integrates functioning of autonomic nervous system - activity of organs
  6. stimulates visceral responses during emotional situations
  7. regulates body rhythms
66
Q

thalamus

A

groups sensory impulses as to body part before relaying to cerebrum; suppresses unimportant sensations to permit concentration; awareness of pain but inability to localize; contributes to alertness, awareness, memory

67
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain, 2 hemispheres

68
Q

cerebral cortex (fore brain)

A

surface gray matter of cerebrum, contains cell bodies of neurons to carry out functions of cerebrum

69
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • motor areas that initiate voluntary movement, movement of hands & face
  • premotor areas regulate learned motor skills that require sequence of movements
  • prefrontal or orbitofrontal cortex for aspects of social behavior
  • Broca’s motor speech area regulates movements involved in speech
70
Q

parietal lobes

A
  • general sensory area feels & interprets the cutaneous senses & conscious muscle sense
  • taste area overlaps w/ temporal lobe
  • thought before speech
71
Q

temporal lobes

A
  • olfactory areas for sense of smell & interpretation
  • auditory areas for hearing & interpretation
  • speech areas for thought before speech
72
Q

occipital lobes

A
  • interprets what is seen
  • interpretation areas for spatial relationships
  • neural plasticity (ability to adapt to changing needs, recruit different neurons for certain functions)
73
Q

aphasia

A

damage to speech areas or interpretation areas of cerebrum, may impair 1 or more aspects of person’s ability to use language

74
Q

auditory aphasia (word deafness)

A

can hear but not comprehend

75
Q

visual aphasia (word blindness)

A

can see but not make sense of written words

76
Q

association areas

A

in all lobes, for abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, personality

  • hippocampi essential for formation of memories
  • right hippocampus involved w/ spatial cognition, makes memories 3-dimensional, mentally visible
77
Q

basal ganglia

A

paired masses of gray matter w/in white matter of cerebral hemisphere; regulate subconscious aspects of voluntary movement; regulate muscle tone, gestures, facial expressions

78
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs, concerned w/ vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell and many other functions

79
Q

sympathetic division

A

dominates during stressful situations, responses prepare body to meet physical demands

80
Q

parasympathetic division

A

localized responses (one organ); dominates in relaxed situations to promote normal functioning of several organ systems

Anatomy & Physiology - ALU 201 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions