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Heredity > Chapter 8: The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Structure, Replication, and Chromosomal Organization of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Who first purified nuclei from cells in the 1860s?

A

Friedrich Miescher.
The contents of the nuclei contained a substance he called nuclein

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2
Q

What were identified as the carriers of genetic information in early 1900s?

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Which scientists proved that DNA is the transforming factor between bacterial strains?

A

Griffiths and Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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4
Q

Who proved that DNA is the genetic material in viruses?

A

Hershey and Chase

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5
Q

What carries genetic information?

A

DNA not proteins

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6
Q

Which type of virus kills bacteria?

A

Bacteriophages

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7
Q

What are Bacteriophages made of?

A

Made up of only a protein coat and DNA

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8
Q

How do Bacteriophages kill bacteria?

A

DNA enters bacterium, protein coat stays outside

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9
Q

Name this bond

A

single covalent bond

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10
Q

Name this bond

A

double covalent bond

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11
Q

Name this bond

A

hydrogen bond

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12
Q

Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds to form what chains?

A

polypeptide chains

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13
Q

What are the three components of nucleotide building blocks?

A
  1. Nitrogen-containing base
    - Purines (A and G)
    - Pyrimidines (C and T)
  2. Sugar
    - Deoxyribose
  3. Phosphate group
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14
Q

Name this structure

A

Adenine (A)

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15
Q

Name this structure

A

Thymine ( T ) (in DNA)

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16
Q

Name this structure

A

Uracil (U) (in RNA)

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17
Q

Name this structure

A

Guanine (G)

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18
Q

Name this structure

A

Cytosine (C)

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19
Q

Name this structure

A

Deoxyribose (in DNA)

20
Q

Name this structure

A

Ribose (in RNA)

21
Q

Name this structure

A

Phosphate group

22
Q

In the DNA double helix, where are the phosphate groups located?

A

phosphate groups on the outside of the helix

23
Q

In the DNA double helix, where are the bases located?

A

bases stacked inside the helix

24
Q

How is the DNA twisted ladder confirmation described?

A
  • Two polynucleotide strands (“rails”), held together by hydrogen bonding between the bases (“rungs”)
  • The strands are oriented in opposite directions
25
Q

In DNA, base A pairs with

A

T

26
Q

In DNA, base G pairs with

A

C

27
Q

The two polynucleotide chains in DNA run in what direction?

A

opposite direction

28
Q

Where is genetic information stored in DNA?

A

Four bases allows for a high coding capacity

29
Q

What is the complete set of genetic information for a given organism?

A

its genome; genome size is species-specific

30
Q

Any change to the linear sequence of DNA that can result in an altered phenotype is called a

A

mutation

31
Q

Complementary sequence of the two strands explains how DNA can be

A

replicated

32
Q

What type of bonds joins nucleotides in RNA to form polypeptide chains?

A

covalent bonds

33
Q

Is RNA single-stranded?

A

yes, folds upon itself

34
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Transfer of genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, protein synthesis, and gene expression

35
Q

Term describing how each daughter molecule receives one old DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand in DNA replication?

A

Semiconservative replication.
Both strands serve as templates for synthesis of a new, complementary strand

36
Q

Which direction does DNA proceed in replication?

A

Proceeds in a 5’ to 3’ direction

37
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase in the cell cycle

38
Q

What creates a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand in replication?

A

The two polynucleotide strands uncoil.

39
Q

Why is three-dimensional structure of chromosomes is important?

A
  • ~2m of DNA must fit inside a nucleus with a 5μm diameter
  • Chromosomes uncoil and recoil during the cell cycle
  • Spatial arrangement of DNA is important for the regulation of gene expression
40
Q

Within chromosomes, DNA is coiled around clusters of what?

A

histones to form nucleosomes

41
Q

How does a genome fit inside a nucleus?

A

extensive coiling

42
Q

What are short, repeated sequences at chromosome tips?

A

telomeres

43
Q

During DNA replication, some repeats of telomeres are left uncopied, leading to

A

shortened telomeres with each cell division

44
Q

What defines the spindle attachment site?

A

Centromeres

45
Q

What does the location of the centromere contribute to?

A

the unique shape of any given chromosome

46
Q

Chromosomes are located in

A

Specific territories in the nucleus. Chromosome territories are linked to function.

Heredity (5 decks)

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