Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 1

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages

Answer 1

Columbian Exchange

Question 2

English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands

Answer 2

Pilgrims

Question 3

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629

Answer 3

Puritans

Question 4

An alliance of 5 northeastern Amerindian peoples (6 after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later the English, they dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes

Answer 4

Iroquois Confederacy

Question 5

French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America

Answer 5

Coureurs de bois

Question 6

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southeast region of the Arabian peninsula. They succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the 18th century

Answer 6

Oman

Question 7

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa

Answer 7

Swahili

Question 8

Fort established around 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta

Answer 8

Batavia

Question 9

Located in what is now Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America

Answer 9

Potosí

Question 10

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians

Answer 10

Encomienda

Question 11

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies

Answer 11

Chartered companies

Question 12

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants’ trade in the Americas and Africa

Answer 12

Dutch West India Company

Question 13

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from 4 to 7 years

Answer 13

Indentured servants

Question 14

European government policies of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts; the French system by regulations collectively known as the Exclusif

Answer 14

Mercantilism

Question 15

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors

Answer 15

Joint-stock company

Question 16

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold

Answer 16

Stock Exchange

Question 17

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants’ trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa

Answer 17

Royal African Company

Question 18

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641

Answer 18

Acheh Sultanate

Question 19

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618

Answer 19

House of Burgesses

Question 20

The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system

Answer 20

Atlantic Circuit

Question 21

The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

Answer 21

Middle Passage

Question 22

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which outlawed the enslavement of Amerindians and limited other forced later

Answer 22

Bartolomé de Las Casas