Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 1

designed to guarantee liberties and rights; these include protections of citizens’ thoughts, beliefs, opinions, and their right to express them

Answer 1

Bill of Rights (1791)

Question 2

those personal freedoms protected from arbitrary governmental interference or deprivations by constitutional guarantee

Answer 2

civil liberties

Question 3

the welfare or well-being of the general public

Answer 3

public interest

Question 4

outlawed the practice of morning prayer in public schools

Answer 4

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Question 5

in the First Amendment, prevents the federal government from establishing a national religion

Answer 5

establishment clause

Question 6

in the First Amendment, prevents governments from stopping religious practices

Answer 6

free exercise clause

Question 7

created a measure to determine if a state had violated the Establishment Clause

Answer 7

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Question 8

coined by Thomas Jefferson, refers to the separation of church and state

Answer 8

wall of separation

Question 9

requirements that Amish students attend school past the eighth grade violate the free exercise clause

Answer 9

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Question 10

speech that incited unlawful action

Answer 10

clear and present danger

Question 11

reaffirmed that obscene material was not constitutionally protected

Answer 11

Miller v. California (1973)

Question 12

language and images so offensive to average citizens that governments banned them; the First Amendment does not protect it, and no national standard fully defines it

Answer 12

obscene speech

Question 13

helped establish that limited on free speech may be warranted during wartime

Answer 13

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Question 14

nonverbal, nonwritten forms of communication, cannot be used to defend an act that might otherwise be illegal

Answer 14

symbolic speech

Question 15

students in public schools are allowed to wear armbands as symbolic speech

Answer 15

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

Question 16

even false statements must be protected to an extent (referring to defamation)

Answer 16

“breathing space”

Question 17

false statements in print about someone that defames or damages that person’s reputation

Answer 17

libel

Question 18

the person acted wilfully or intentionally to cause harm, without legal justification

Answer 18

malicious intent

Question 19

first declared that the government has no exclusive privilege of prior restraint

Answer 19

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Question 20

reaffirmed that the government has no exclusive privilege of prior restraint

Answer 20

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Question 21

defined the First Amendment’s protection of printed speech against the charge of libel

Answer 21

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Question 22

the right to stop spoken or printed expression in advance

Answer 22

prior restraint