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HLTH 230 > Chapter 8 Water and Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Water and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity
-Not destroyed by cooking or storing
-May leach into cooking water

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2
Q

What is the bioavailability of minerals?

A

Binders, such a phytates in legumes, bind with minerals decreasing their absorption

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3
Q

T or F minerals are micronutrients and non-nrg yeilding?

A

True

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4
Q

What is the adequate intake for sodium?

A

1500mg/day (14 and up)

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5
Q

What is the daily value for sodium?

A

2300mg on new food labels

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6
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium?

A

2760mg/day

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7
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium females 19-30?

A

2270 mg/day

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8
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium males 19-30?

A

3420 mg/day

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9
Q

WHat is the biggest effect on hypertension?

A

Salt (NaCl) more than sodium or chloride alone

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10
Q

What are the 3 contributors to sodium intake in diet?

A

1)Unprocessed Foods (15%)
2)Salt (10%)
3)Processed Foods (75%)

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11
Q

T or F Tastes adjust to lower salt intake

A

True

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12
Q

1 Teaspoon of salt is how many mg of sodium?

A

2300mg

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13
Q

What are 3 processed food sources of sodium?

A

-Canned soup and dried soup mixes
-Cured meats, deli meats, hot dogs
-Cheese
-Food in a brine
-Tv Dinners and Fast Food
-Canned Pasta Sauce

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14
Q

What is a major negative ion in the body?

A

Chloride

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15
Q

What are the 3 roles of chloride?

A

1)Acid-Base Balance
2)Electrolyte Balance
3)Component of hydrochloric acid

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16
Q

What are the source of chloride?

A

Salt: Added and Naturally Occuring

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17
Q

Chloride Deficiency

A

No known diet lack chloride

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18
Q

What is the principal positively charged ion inside the body’s cells?

A

Potassium

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19
Q

What arethe 3 roles of potassium?

A

1)Maintain fluid balance
2) Maintaining electrolyte balance (Na K pump)
3)Maintain Heartbeat

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19
Q

What is a causes K deficiency?

A

Fasting or Severe Diarrhea
Kwashiorkor
Eating Disorders
Dehydration
Diuretics

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20
Q

What occurs with K deficiency? x2

A

Heart Failure
Hypertension

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21
Q

What is the result that median canadian intake of K it just under the AI for each sex? x2

A

1)Blood K remains normal
2)Chronic diseases are more likely to occur

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22
Q

What are the richest sources of K?

A

Fresh Whole Foods
-K is abudnant in cells
-Oranges, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, avocados, strawberries, spinach, and cantaloupes

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23
Q

What is the effect of food processing on K?

A

Reduces K

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24
Q

When does Potassium become toxic?

A

Potassium from FOOD is SAFE
-K Injections can stop heart
-Salt-Subsitutues
-Over the counter potassium chloride pills sno not be used expect by doctors advice

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25
Q

K overdoses are usually not life-threatening as long as excess is taken ____?

A

Orally –> Vomiting Reflex

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26
Q

What are the roles of sulphate/sulpher?

A

Required for the synthesis of many important sulphur-containing compounds
-Sulpher Containing AA
-Help strands of protein assume their functional shape
-Skin, Hair, and Nails

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27
Q

Sources of Sulpher

A

Protein Containing Foods

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28
Q

Deficiencies of Sulpher?

A

Unknown

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29
Q

Toxicity of Sulpher

A

Diarrhea

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30
Q

What are the 8 Trace Minerals

A

1)Iodine
2)Iron
3)Zinc
4)Sulpher
5)Selenium
6)Fluoride
7)Chromium
8)Copper

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31
Q

What is the role of iodine?

A

Integral part of thyroxine (hormone)
-Made by the thyroid gland -regulation of basal metabolic rate

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32
Q

What occurs with thyroid(Iodide) deficiency?

A

1)Enlarged thyroid (goiter) -enlarged to trap iodine
2)Sluggishness
3)Weight Gain
4)During pregnancy: Congenital Hypothyroidism

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33
Q

What is Congenital Hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine Deficiency during pregnancy
-Extremes irreversible mental and physical development delay
-Most preventable causes of intellectual delay

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34
Q

What foods contain goitrogens, and what do they do in terms of iodine deficiency

A

Collards, Kale and Brussels Sprouts
-Inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid
-Inhibits thyroxine productions

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35
Q

What results of iodine toxicity?

A

Enlarged thyroid Gland
Can be deadly in very large amounts

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36
Q

What are sources of iodine?

A

-Soil
-Seafood: from ocean
-Iodied Salt (less than half-teaspoon meets entire days rec.)
-Seas salt has little
-Liberal use of iodized salt in fast-food and other restaurants
-Bakery Products in dough conditioners
-Milk: 1 cup = 1/2 day intake because most dairies use iodine to disinfect milking equipment

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37
Q

What is a essential nutrient and deficiency problem for many people?

A

Iron

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38
Q

What contains most of the bodies iron?

A

1)Hemoglobin (o2 carrying)
2)Myoglobin (o2 holding in mucles)

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39
Q

Roles of Iron x3

A

1)Carries O2
2)Helps many enzymes use O2
3)Iron is needed to make new cells, AA, hormones and neurotransmitters

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40
Q

What does the liver put into the red blood cells sent to it from bone marrow
-Then recycle after red blood cells die

A

Iron

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41
Q

How is Iron Balance Maintained?

A

Absorption

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42
Q

What are the sources of iron loss in the body?

A

1)Small amounts in nail clippings, hair cutting, shed skin cells
2)Bleeding (sig)

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43
Q

How does the body obtain iron?

A

-Only 10-15% absorption
-Increases with diminished
body supply and with the
need
-Decreases when iron is
abundant

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44
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

An iron storage protein stores iron in mucosal cells of the small intestine

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45
Q

What does ferritin do when Iron is needed?

A

Iron is released to transferrin and travels through the blood to the body.

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46
Q

What does ferritin do when Iron is excess?

A

Iron is shed with the intestinal cells which are replaced every 3-5 days.

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47
Q
A
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48
Q

Why do protein carry iron molecules away from vulnerable body compounds?

A

Cuz Free Iron is a powerful oxidant and free-radicals can damage cells

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49
Q

What are the two things that happen when a person lacks iron?

A

1)Iron Deficiency
2)Iron Deficiency Anemia

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50
Q

What is Iron Deficiency

A

-Result of absorption not compensating for losses or low dietary intake

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51
Q

What is stage 1 iron deficiency

A

Decreased iron stores

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52
Q

What is stage 2 iron deficiency

A

Depleted iron stores

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53
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

A person can be deficient without being anemic
-Anemia referes to depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin (stage 3)

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54
Q

What occurs with iron deprivation?

A

1)Insufficient hemoglobin production to fill new blood cells
2)Anemia
3)Cells contain too little hemoglobin and deliver too little O2
4)Limit cell’s energy metabolism
5)Tiredness, Apathy, A tendency to feel cold

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55
Q

T or F symptoms of iron deficency often mistaken for behavioural or emotional problems?

A

True
Cause fatigue and impair physical work capacity and productivity

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56
Q

What is Pica?

A

Craving for non-food substances sometimes occurs with iron deficiency.
-Clays and soils
-Contain substances that inhibit iron absorption
-Displace food substance and have contaminants

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57
Q

What are 2 causes of Iron Deficiency and Anemia?

A

1)Malnutrition, inadequate iron intake
2)Non-nutritional causes of anemia (losses or increased need) (blood loss, pregnancy, growing child)

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58
Q

Where is 80% of the bodies iron stored?

A

Blood

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59
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

Iron Deficiency 1.2 Billion

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60
Q

What is Hemochromatosis?

A

Iron Overload

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61
Q

How does the body defend against iron overload? 4

A

Controlling Iron Entry
1)Hepcidin (hormone secreted by the liver that limits iron absorption)
2)Small Intestine traps some iron and holds it within their boundaries (mucosal cells)
3)When intestinal mucosal cells are shed the excess iron they collected is lost
4)Iron stores are filled, less iron is absrobed

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62
Q

T or F iron is difficult to excrete one absorbed

A

T

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63
Q

T or F Iron Overload often has a strong genetic component

A

T
Inherited Disease
Caucasian Men

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64
Q

Why does Iron Overload Occur?

A

The intestine continues to absorb iron at a high rate despite excess iron buildup in the body tissues

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65
Q

What are the early symptoms of iron overload?

A

General and vague
Fatigue
Mental Depression
Abdominal Pains

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66
Q

What are late symptoms of iron overload?

A

Tissue Damage
Liver Failure
Abnormal heart Beat
Diabetes
Infections because bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood

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67
Q

T or F Dangers of iron overload are an argument against high-level iron fortification of foods

A

T

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68
Q

Iron-fortified food pose no rikj for healthy people

A

T

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69
Q

T or F Iron supplements can reverse iron-deficiency anemia from dietary causes

A

True

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70
Q

Vitamin C _______ Iron Absorption?

A

Enhances

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71
Q

T or F adult men often experience iron-deficiency anemia

A

False: but if so may have unknown bleed

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72
Q

How much more iron are vegetarians advised to obtain?

A

1.8x

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73
Q

T or F Preggo Women Need Iron Supplements

A

True

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74
Q

What are the 2 forms of iron?

A

Heme Iron
Nonheme Iron

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75
Q

What is Heme Iron?

A

Bound To Heme
Iron-containing part of hemoglobin and myoglobin found in meat poultry and fish

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76
Q

What is Nonheme Iron

A

Found in foods from plants and meat, poultry and fish

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77
Q

Which of the to Nonheme or heme, is better at absorbing iron?

A

Heme iron

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78
Q

Healthy people with adequate iron stores absorb heme iron at a rate of__

A

23%

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79
Q

people absorb nonheme iron at rates of

A

2-20%

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80
Q

What is the MFP factor of iron absorption?

A

Promotes the absorption of nonheme iron from other foods eaten at the same time
Meat, Fish and Poultry

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81
Q

What are the 3 that impair iron absorption?

A

Tannins
Calcium and Phosphorus
Phytates
(BLACK TEA)

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82
Q

3 Sources of Iron?

A

1)Red meats, Fish, Poultry, Shellfish, Eggs
2)Legumes, green leafy veggies and dried fruit
3)Cooking in iron pan

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83
Q

What is there a very small quantity in the human body?

A

Zinc

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84
Q

What is the role of zinc?

A

-Work with proteins in every body organ
-Helps more than 300 Enzymes to:
-Make parts of the cell’s genetic material
-Make heme in hemoglobin
-Assist the pancreas with its digestive functions
-Help metabolize carbohydrates, protein and fat
-Liberate vitamin A from storage in the liver
-Assists in Immune Function
-Regulation of Gene Expression
-Taste Perception
-Wound Healing
-Sperm Production
-Fetal Development
-Growth and Development in Children
-Affects behaviour and learning
-Produces the active form of vit A in visual pigments
-Protective role in oxidative damage

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85
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

-Adverse affects on growth
-Profoundly alters digestive function and causes diarrhea, which worsens the malnutrition already present
-Drastically impairs immune response
-Infection of the intestinal tract worsens malnutrition
-Poor Wound Healing
-Abnormal Taste
-Abnormal vision in the dark
-Even a mild deficiency can result in impaired immunity

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86
Q

What is zinc deficiency often misdiagnosed as?

A

General malnutrition and sickness because symptoms are so vast

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87
Q

T or F Zinc deficiencies are widespread in developed countries.

A

False

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88
Q

How is zinc primarily lost?

A

Feces

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89
Q

What is the effect of zinc on the body after a meal?

A

Lots of zinc because pancreatic juice is rich in zinc so after the body gets zinc from the food and the pancreatic enzymes

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90
Q

T or F High doses of zinc can inhibit iron absorption

A

True: Protein that carriers iron from the digestive tract to tissues also carries zinc

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91
Q

What can occur with too much zinc?

A

-May reduce blood concentration of HDL
-Can block copper absorption and lower the body’s copper content
-Inhibit iron absorption

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92
Q

What is zinc absorption limited by?

A

Phytates

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93
Q

What is the % intake for zinc absoption?

A

15%-40%

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94
Q

What are Major Food Sources of Zinc?

A

Meats
Shellfish
Poultry
Milk and Dairy Products

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95
Q

What are the plant sources of zinc?

A

Some Legumes
Whole Grains
*Not absorbed as well

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96
Q

What is the role of Selenium?

A

1)Works to prevent the formation of free radicals and prevent oxidative harm to cells and tissue
2)Plays roles in activating thyroid hormone
3)Shares some of the characteristics of sulphur and can, therefore sometimes occur in place of sulphur in AA

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97
Q

What occurs from selenium deficiency?

A

1)Cancer
2)Heart Disease
-Keshan Disease (heart enlargement)

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98
Q

What causes selenium toxicity ?

A

Long-Term Supplementation

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99
Q

What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity?

A

Nausea
Abdominal Pain
Hair Loss
Nerve Abnormalities

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100
Q

What are sources of Selenium?

A

-Meats
-Shellfish
-Veggies and Grains grown in selenium-rich soils

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101
Q

T or F Selenium Diet is Adequate if food is unprocessed?

A

True

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102
Q

T or F Benefits have been seen in selenium supplements?

A

F only true if selenium deficient

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103
Q

What mineral is not essential to life but beneficial?

A

Fluoride

104
Q

What is the role of fluoride?

A

Crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
-Forms more decay-resistant fluorapatite in developing teeth

105
Q

What doe fluoride replace in hydroxyapatite

A

Hydroxy

106
Q

Sources of Fluoride?

A

Primary Source: Fluoridated Drinking Water
Tea and Seafood

107
Q

What is the result of fluoride deficiency?

A

Fluoride is missing incidence of dental decay is high
-Fluoridation is way to prevent

108
Q

What is the result of fluoride toxicity?

A

Fluorosis-discolouration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by EXCESS fluoride during tooth development
-IRREVERSIBLE

109
Q

What is the role of Chromium?

A

Works closely with insulin to regulate and release energy from glucose

110
Q

Deficiency of Chromium results in

A

Impaired Insulin Action: Resulting diabetes-like condition of high blood glucose

111
Q

What resolves chromium deficiency?

A

Chormium Supplementation

112
Q

T or F supplements can cure common forms of diabetes

A

False
-Research however in management in type 2

113
Q

What are the sources of chromium?

A

Widely distributed in the food supply
-Especially in unrefined foods and whole grains
-Liver
-Whole Grains
-Nuts and Cheese

114
Q

T or F chromium is lost in food processing?

A

T

115
Q

What is the role of copper?

A

-Formation of hemoglobin and collagen
-Many enzymes depend on copper for its handling ability
-Plays a role in the body’s handing of iron
-Assists in reactions leading to the release of energy
-One copper-dependant enzyme (superoxide dismutase) helps control damage from free-radical activity in the tissues

116
Q

T or F copper deficiency is rare?

A

True

117
Q

How can zinc cause copper deficiency?

A

Excess zinc interferes with copper absorption and can cause deficiency

118
Q

What is Menkes Disease?

A

Result of Copper Deficiency
-Intestinal cells absorb copper but can’t release it into circulation causing deficiency

119
Q

What are the symptoms of Copper Deficiency?

A

-Severely disturb growth and metabolism
-In adults, it can impair immunity and blood flow through arteries

120
Q

What is the disease that occurs with copper toxicity?

A

Wilson’s Disease: Copper accumulates in liver and brain

121
Q

T or F copper deficiency comes from supplementation and not foods?

A

True

122
Q

T or F Copper intakes in canada are inadequate?

A

False

123
Q

What are sources of copper?

A

Organ Meats
Seafood
Nuts and Seeds
Whole Grains
Water: From pipes

124
Q

What is the role of molybendum?

A

Functions as a part of several metal-containing enzymes

125
Q

What is the role of manganese?

A

Works with enzymes

126
Q

What is the role of Boron?

A

Influences activity of enzymes

127
Q

What is the role of Cobalt?

A

-Mineral of Vit B12 (Cobalamin)

128
Q

What is the role of Nickel?

A

-Important for the health of many body tissue

129
Q

What is the result of nickel deficiency?

A

Harm to the liver and other organs

130
Q

What is the role of silicon?

A

Bone calcification in animals

131
Q

Future research may reveal key roles of these 8 trace minerals?

A

Barium
Cadmium
Lead
Lithium
Mercury
Silver
Tin
Vanadium

132
Q

What is the role of Arsenic?

A

-Known Poision and Carcinogen
-May be essential in small quantities

133
Q

Overall what is the general rule for toxicity of all trace minerals?

A

Toxic in Excess

134
Q

Overall, what causes toxicity/overdose of trace minerals?

A

Overdoses ar emore likely to occur in those who take supplements

135
Q

How much of an adults body weight is water?

A

60%

136
Q

Where is water found?

A

Blood
Cells
Tissues
Organs

137
Q

What is the role of water in the body?

A

1)Participates in chemical reactions
2)Delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells

138
Q

What is the most needed nutrient in the body?

A

Water

139
Q

What are the 5 roles of water?

A

1)Universal solvent
2)Body’s Cleansing Agent
3)Water’s incompressibility
4)Water Lubricates
5)Role in Thermoregulation

140
Q

How does water act as a universal solvent?

A

-Dissolves amino acids, glucose, minerals, etc. for transport
-Fatty substances get packaged with water-soluble proteins for transport in the blood and lymph

141
Q

How is water the body’s cleansing agent?

A

-Nitrogen wastes dissolve in blood and must be removed
-Kidneys filter these waters from the blood, mix them with water and excrete them as urine

142
Q

How is water incompressibility?

A

-Enables it to act as lubricant and cushion for joints
-Cushions sensitive tissue
-Fills the eye keeping optimal pressure

143
Q

What does the water lubricate?

A

Digestive tract
Respiratory tract
All tissue moistened with mucus

144
Q

How does water play a role in thermoregulation?

A

-Sweat cools the body- evaporation
-Blood routed through capillaries in the skin gets rid of excess heat
(cooled blood then flows back to the body’s core)

145
Q

What occurs when water intake does not equal water lost (water balance)?

A

Dehydration
Water Intoxication/Over hydration

146
Q

What are the progression of symptoms of dehydration?

A

Thirst –> Weakness –> Exhaustion and Delirium –> Death

147
Q

Dehydration results loss of _____ bodyweight?

A

less than 5% (results in headache, fatigue, confusion, forgetfulness, and elevated heart rate)

148
Q

Chronic Low Fluid of Water may increase the likelihood of? x5

A

1)Bladder and Colon Cancer
2)Heart Attack
3)Gallstones
4)Kidney Stones
5)Urinary Tract Infection

149
Q

What is water intoxication?

A

Dangerous dilution of body fluids resulting from excessive water ingestion usually gallons or more in a few hours

150
Q

What are the symptoms of water intoxication?

A

Headache
Muscular Weakness
Lack of Concentration
Poor Memory
Loss of Appetite
Convulsions
Death

151
Q

T or F Body’s Water Content varies by Kilogram at a time

A

True

152
Q

T or F thirst lags behind lack of water?

A

True

153
Q

What are the implications of the the lag of thirst in terms of water deficiency developing slow vs fast?

A

Slow: Body can turn on drinking behaviour to prevent dehydration
Fast: Not enough time to turn on drinking stimulus

154
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in water balance and signalling thirst?

A

Major role in monitoring blood concentration
-High Blood Concentration or low blood pressure signals thirst

155
Q

Older adults should drink water regularly throughout the day. Why?

A

Thirst blunted

156
Q

How may vomiting or diarrhea result in disturbed water balance?

A

This could result in fluid and electrolyte imbalance
-Life-threatening disruption of heartbeat

157
Q

What is the AI total water for females?

A

2.7L/day

158
Q

What is the AI total water for males?

A

3.7L/day

159
Q

What does total water include?

A

-Caffeinated and Non-Caffeinated Beverages
-Foods

160
Q

Approx. water content in meat and cheese?

A

50%

161
Q

Approx. water content in veggies and fruit?

A

80-95%

162
Q

How much of water content is from fluids?

A

80% (2.2 L-3L)

163
Q

What is Hard Water?

A

Water with high calcium and magnesium concentration

164
Q

What is soft water?

A

Water with high sodium concentration
-may aggravate hypertension and heart disease

165
Q

Upon death, what is used to produce carbon dioxide?

A

The carbon in carbs, fats, proteins and vitamins combine with oxygen to produce CO2

166
Q

Upon Death what occurs to hydrogen and oxygen in the body?

A

Forms water - than evaporates

167
Q

What is the left behind in the body upon death?

A

Minerals

168
Q

What are the 4 classifications of minerals?

A

-Chemical
-Inorganic
-Not energy yielding
-Micronutrients

169
Q

What are major minerals?

A

Essential Nutrients
Amounts exceed 5 grams

170
Q

What are trace minerals

A

Essential Nutrients
Amounts less than 5 grams

171
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

172
Q

Where is 99% of Ca stored?

A

Bones and Teeth

173
Q

What are the 2 roles of C in bones?

A

1)Integral part of bone structure
2)Bone serves as a calcium reserve
-Bone minerals are in constant flux

174
Q

How are calcium and phosphorus essential to bone formation?

A

1)Calcium phosphate salts crystallized on collagen forming HYDROXYAPATITE crystals that add to the rigidity of bone

175
Q

How does fluoride help contribute to bone formation?

A

Replaces hydroxy part of the crystals (hydroxyapatite) to form FLORAPATITE (a mineral that is resists bone dismantling)

176
Q

What is blood calcium-regulated by?

A

Hormones not daily intake

177
Q

What happens when blood Ca is inadequate?

A

Takes supply from bones

178
Q

What happens when calcium needs increases? x3

A

1)Calcium absorption from the intestine increases
2)Loss of Ca via the kidneys is reduced
3)Percent absorbed increases as dietary intake decreases with help of Vit D

179
Q

What are 2 situations when Ca need may be more than normal?

A

Pregnant (50% absorption)
Infants and Children (60% absorption)
Compared to adults 25% absorption

180
Q

When is peak bone mass reached?

A

Late 20’s (10 years after adult height is reached)

181
Q

When does bones begin to reduce density?

A

40 years

182
Q

How can bone density loss be reduced/slowed?

A

1)A diet rich in Ca
2)PA

183
Q

What is the result of a low Ca diet in growing years?

A

May prevent a person fro achieving peak bone mass

184
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

-Insufficient bone Ca increases the risk
-Adult bone loss (bones become brittle and fragile

185
Q

How much of calcium is stored in fluids?

A

1%

186
Q

What are the 3 roles of Ca in fluids?

A

1)Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
2)Nerve Fxn
3)Blood Clotting

187
Q

What are good sources of Ca?

A

-Milk and Milk Products
-Fortified Soy beverage and other fortified milk alt.
-Fish with bones
-Ca set Tofu
-Broccoli, some leafy greens and legumes
-Fortified juices

188
Q

T or F on average, Canadian meet recommended Ca intake?

A

T

189
Q

What is the result of Ca deficiency in Adults?

A

Bone Loss

190
Q

What is the result of Ca deficiency in Children?

A

Stunted growth and weak bones

191
Q

What is a often cause of Ca Deficiency?

A

-Consumption of milk declined
-Consumption of beverages such a soft drinks has greatly increases

192
Q

What is the result of Ca Toxicity? x3

A

1)Constipation
2)Kidney Stones
3)Interferes with absorption of other minerals

193
Q

T or F people who do not use milk must get calcium from other sources?

A

T

194
Q

What are the 5 good sources of Vegetables for Ca intake?

A

1)Rutabaga
2)Broccoli
3)Beat Greens
4)Collards
5)Kale

195
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A

-Vit D deficiency disease leads to impaired mineralization of bone
- Characterized by overabundance of unmineralized bone protein

196
Q

Symptoms of Osteomalacia?

A

Bending of spine and bowing of the legs

197
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

-Reduction in bone mass of older persons in which the bone becomes porous and fragile

198
Q

-The bone mineral to matrix ratio is normal

A

Osteoporosis

199
Q

The ratio of bone mineral to matrix is low

A

osteomalacia

200
Q

What is the most serious fracture and why?

A

Hip fracture, is rarely a clean and breaks into fragments that cannot be reassembled

201
Q

What is known as the silent thief?

A

Osteoporosis
Slowly decreases bone density until many years later, the hip gives way

202
Q

What are high correlated risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

-Advanced Age
-Female
-Heavy Drinking
-Chronic Steroid Use
-Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Underweight
-Removal of ovaries or testes
-White
-Genetics

203
Q

What are medium correlated risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

-Chronic thyroid hormone use
-Smoking
-T1D
-Insufficient dietary Ca and Vit D
-Inadequate vit K
-Physical inactivity/sedentary lifestyle
-Excessive antacid use

204
Q

Does the t or F risk of osteoporosis differ by race?

A

T Black People have a protective effect

205
Q

What hormones reduction may cause increased risk of osteoporosis?

A

Men: Testosterone
Women: Estrogen (but seem more than in men as they have higher bone density)

206
Q

How does PA reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

A

1)Denser Bones
2)Hormones to promote synthesis of new muscles tissue also favour the building of bone
3)Prevent Falls through strength, balance and flexability

207
Q

How does sodium intake effect osteoporosis?

A

-High sodium promotes urinary Ca excretion

208
Q

How does caffeine affect Osteoporosis?

A

Heavy consumption of caffeinated beverages increases risk

209
Q

T or F Soft drinks consumption be negatively linked to osteoporosis?

A

T
- Fructose Sweeteners or phosphoric acid may cause Ca loss
-Displaces the use of milk in the diet

210
Q

How does Vit K play a role in Osteoporosis?

A

Promotes the production of bone protein osteocalcin

211
Q

T or F too much Vit A causes osteoporosis?

A

T but still need it in adequate amounts

212
Q

T or F Magnesium has no effect on osteoporosis?

A

F, helps maintain bone density

213
Q

What is the second mist abundant mineral in the body?

A

Phosphorus

214
Q

Where is phosphorus found?

A

Bones and Teeth

215
Q

What are the 5 roles of phosphorus?

A

1)Helps maintain acid-base balance (buffer)
2)Part of DNA/RNA
3)Metabolism of energy-yielding nutrient
4)Assists many enzymes and vitamins in extracting energy
5)Form part of the molecules for phospholipids

216
Q

T or F Phosphorus deficiency is common

A

False, needs are easily met by almost any diet

217
Q

What does phosphorus toxicity result in?

A

Calcification of soft tissues

218
Q

What are two sources of phosphorus?

A

1) Animal proteins are the best source
2)Cola Drinks

219
Q

Where is half of the bodies magnesium located?

A

bones

220
Q

Where is the other half of Mg located (not bones)?

A

Muscles, Herat, Liver and Other soft tissues
1% in fluids

221
Q

What are the 4 roles of Mg?

A

1)Assist in the function of more than 300 enzymes
2)Release and use of energy from energy-yielding nutrients
3)Works with Ca for proper functioning of muscles (relaxation)
4)Involved in bone mineralization and promotes resistance to tooth decay by holding Ca in tooth enamel

222
Q

What are the sources of Ca?

A

-Easily washed and peeled away from foods during processing: Therefore unprocessed foods are the best source
-Nuts, legumes, whole grains, chocolate, dark green veggies, seafood

223
Q

T or F for Mg Candian reach EAR but below RDA?

A

True

224
Q

What are the 3 causes of Mg deficiency?

A

1)Inadequate e intake, vomiting or diarrhea
2)Alcoholism, protein-energy undernutrition
3)Hospital clients who have been fed Mg-poor TPN or using diuretics

225
Q

What are 3 symptoms of Mg Deficiency?

A

1)Muscle Weakness
2)CVD, Heart Attack, High BP
3)Overt deficiency symptoms are rare in healthy people with intakes above EAR but still below RDA

226
Q

What are the causes of Mg Toxicity? (Rare but Fatal)

A

1)Mg laxatives and antacids cause diarrhea and acid-base imbalance
2)Only occurs with high intakes from nonfood sources such as supplements or Mg Salts

227
Q

What part of table salt (sodium chloride) is sodium?

A

40%

228
Q

What are the 4 roles of Na?

A

1)Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
2)Acid-Base Balance
3)Muscle Contraction and Nerve Transmission
4)About 30-40% stored on bone crystals-easily accessible to maintain blood levels

229
Q

What are 5 causes of sodium deficiency?

A

1)Vomiting
2)Diarrhea
3)Extremely Heavy Sweating
4)Endurance Athletes loose too much salt and drink too much water (Hyponatremic)
5)Strict Low Sodium diet for hypertension, kidney disease, or heart failure

230
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of Na deficiency?

A

Headache
Confusion
Stupor
Seizures
Coma

231
Q

The amount of sodium excreted in a day is equivalent to?

A

The amount consumed per day

232
Q

How do kidneys contribute to Na maintenance?

A

-Kidneys filter excess sodium out of blood into the urine
-Kidneys with also conserve sodium

233
Q

T or F body absorbs Na freely?

A

True

234
Q

T or F sodium can be lost in sweat

A

True, small amount

235
Q

What is the relationship between salt and water weight?

A

-As blood Na rises, a person gets thirsty. Thirst leads a person to drink until Na-to-water ratio is restored
-Kidneys excrete extra water which removes extra sodium

236
Q

What is the AI for sodium (14 and up)?

A

1500mg/day

237
Q

What is the Chronic Disease Reduction Risk (CDRR)?

A

2300mg/day (14 and up)

238
Q

What is the daily value for Na?

A

2300mg

239
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium?

A

2760mg/day

240
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium women 19-30?

A

2270 mg/day

241
Q

What is the mean Canadian intake for sodium men 19-30?

A

3420mg/day

242
Q

How does Salt (NaCl) contribute to Hypertension?

A

NaCl has a greater effect on blood pressure than either Na or Cl alone

243
Q

What age group of men consume the most Na?

A

19-30

244
Q

What age group of women consume the most Na?

A

9-13

245
Q

T or F bakery products are the largest contributor to average dairy sodium intake?

A

True

246
Q

T or F, some people are more sensitive to the blood pressure-raising effects of Na than others.

A

True

247
Q

Who may have a high salt sensitive x4?

A

1)People with diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease
2)People of African descent
3)Family history of high BP
4)Anyone over the age of 50

248
Q

What is the best way to reduce Na for people with high BP?

A

Reasonable weight loss
Adding Veggies, Fruits, Fatty Fish and Milk/Mil Products

249
Q

What is the DASH diet? (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)

A

Diet helps both salt-sensitive and non-salt-sensitive people
-Achieves a lower BP than restriction of Na alone

250
Q

What is included in the DASH diet? x4

A

1)Greatly increase veggie and fruit intake
2)Adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy products
3)Occasional small portions of red meat, butter and other high-fat foods and sweets
4)Sodium and salt are greatly reduced

251
Q

What is Potassium effect on hypertension/bp?

A

Low Potassium = Raised BP
High Potassium = Prevent and Correct Hypotension

252
Q

What can be increased in the diet to be abundant that will decrease BP at even with Na intake?

A

Mg, Potassium, Ca and Protein and Fibre

253
Q

Excessive salt may contribute to these three problems?

A

1)Stress a weakened heart (congestive heart failure)
2)Aggravate Kidney Problems
3)Stomach Cancer

254
Q

T or F Labelling regulations also allow a health claim linking
sodium & potassium to hypertension

A

T

255
Q

Why is reducing salt intake important in older people?

A

Increase risk of stroke with hypertension.
-Reducing dietary sodium may lower their blood pressure
enough to reduce stroke risks

256
Q

What are the 3 water inputs (1,450-2800ml) and amounts

A

1)Liquids (550-1550mL)
2)Foods (700-1000mL)
3)Water Created by Metabolism (200-300mL)

257
Q

What are the 4 water outputs (14520,2800mL)

A

1)Kidneys (500-1400mL)
2)Skin (450-900mL)
3)Lungs (350mL)
4)Feces(150mL)

258
Q
A

HLTH 230 (10 decks)

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