Chapter 3

Question 1

What are the 5 chemical tastes?

Answer 1

1)Sweet
2)Sour
3)Bitter
4)Salty
5)Umami (MSG)

Question 2

What is Flavour?

Answer 2

Flavour is the total sensory impression when a food is eaten

Question 3

What are 4 elements of flavour?

Answer 3

1)Aroma (smell more sensitive than taste)
2)Texture
3)Temperature
4)Taste

Question 4

Why do people like Sugar Fat and Salt?

Answer 4

Encourages adequate energy intake
-However can lead to overconsumption

Question 5

Why do people avoid bitterness?

Answer 5

Discourages consumption of foods containg bitter toxins

Question 6

What are the 2 roles of the digestive system?

Answer 6

1)Digest (break molecules of food into smaller molecules)
2)Absorb (movement of nutrients into intestinal cells after digestion)

Question 7

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

Answer 7

Mouth

Question 8

What is the role of salvia?

Answer 8

Softens rough/sharp foods
Salvia moistens and coats foods

Question 9

What is the role of mastication?

Answer 9

Releases nutrients trapped inside indigestible skins

Question 10

What is Peristalsis?

Answer 10

Wave-like muscular squeezing in the esophagus, stomach and small intestine

Question 11

Where is the Sphincter muscle?

Answer 11

Base of esophagus

Question 12

What is the role of the stomach?

Answer 12

Holds food, mashes and liquefies it

Question 13

What is chyme?

Answer 13

liquefied food from mechanical and chemical breakdown in stomach

Question 14

What occurs in the small intestine?

Answer 14

Majority of absorption and segmentation

Question 15

What occurs in the large intestine/colon?

Answer 15

-Digestion and absorption are nearly finished
-Colon reabsorbs water and minerals
-Fibre and undigested material make up feces
-Rectum stores feces

Question 16

How long does transit from mouth to rectum take?

Answer 16

1-3 days

Question 17

What are the 3 chemical aspects in the mouth?

Answer 17

1)Salivary Amylase (breaks down starch)
2)Lingual Lipase (digestion of fat)
3)Salvia helps maintain teeth

Question 18

Where does protein digestion occur?

Answer 18

Stomach

Question 19

What does the stomach release for chemical digestion?

Answer 19

Gastric Juice
(Denature proteins and activates pepsin)

Question 20

How is the digestive tract protected from the acid?

Answer 20

Mucus

Question 21

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

Answer 21

Small Intestine

Question 22

What stimulates the gallbaldder to release bile (emuslifer) into the small intestine?

Answer 22

Hormonal Messengers (CCK stimulated by fat and protein in small intestine)

Question 23

What is Bile?

Answer 23

Emsuilifer produced in liver and stored in gallbladder released into the small intestine

Question 24

What is pancreatic juice?

Answer 24

contain enzymes and bicarbonate
-enzymes: digests carbs, protein and fat
-Bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acid

Question 25

What does pancreatic and intestinal enzymes break down?

Answer 25

Carbs Proteins Fats

Question 26

What remains the digestive tract?

Answer 26

Water Fibre Minerals

Question 27

What are microbiota?

Answer 27

Refers to the mix of microbial species of a community for example those in the digestive tract

Question 28

What are probiotics?

Answer 28

Consumable products containing live microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter the bacterial colonies of the body in ways to believed to benefit health

Question 29

What are prebiotics?

Answer 29

Substances that may not be digestible by the host such as fibre but serves as food for probiotic bacteria and thus promotes their growth

Question 30

Where is starch digestion stopped?

Answer 30

pH of the stomach (starts in mouth)

Question 31

Where are proteins, starch and fat broken down?

Answer 31

Small Intestine

Question 32

Where are fibres (if possible), fluid and some minerals absorbed?

Answer 32

Large Intestine (colon)

Question 33

What is small intestine lined with that help absorption?

Answer 33

Villi and Microvilli that increase SA

Question 34

How is absorption in the intestine selective?

Answer 34

Based on current needs of the body

Question 35

How does absorption work?

Answer 35

-Nutrients pass through cells of the villi -Blood and lymph then transport nutrients to the body's cells

Question 36

What do blood vessels do in terms of absorption?

Answer 36

Transport most of the products of carbs and protein, vitamins and minerals to the liver

Question 37

What do lymphatic vessels do in terms of absorption?

Answer 37

Transport products of fat digestion later delivered to bloodstream

Question 38

How is the digestive system sensitive to poor nutrition?

Answer 38

1) The absorption surface of the small intestine shrinks 2)Without fibre GI tract becomes weak (exercise) 3)Malnutrition itself impairs digestion and becomes self-perpetuating (vicious circle)

Question 39

What are seven potential problems with digestion?

Answer 39

1)Belching, Gas and Hiccups 2)Heartburn/GERD 3)Choking 4)Dysphagia 5)Constipation 6)Diarrhea 7)Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Question 40

What is GERD?

Answer 40

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Severe and chronic exposure of the esophagus, throat and mouth, or airway to stomach acids and enzymes causing inflammation and injury

Question 41

What is Heartburn/GERD?

Answer 41

Reflux of acidic of stomach contents into the esophagus

Question 42

What is a potential solution for heatburn?

Answer 42

Antacids that neutralize stomach acidity

Question 43

What are the problems with antacids?

Answer 43

-Produces more acid to restore conditions -Interfere with ability to absorb nutrients -Cause indigestion and diarrhea -Mask the symptoms of an ucler or GERD

Question 44

What is a Ulcer?

Answer 44

An erosion in layers of cells that from a lining

Question 45

How is a Ulcer treated?

Answer 45

Antibiotics

Question 46

What is a Hernia?

Answer 46

A protrusion of a organ or body part through the wall of the body chamber that normally contains the organ.

Question 47

How are hernias treated?

Answer 47

Surgery

Question 48

What is choking?

Answer 48

Food is lodged in the trachea and blocks the passage of air

Question 49

What is Dysphagia?

Answer 49

Difficulty Swallowing

Question 50

What is Constipation?

Answer 50

Infrequent, difficult bowel movements

Question 51

What causes constipation?

Answer 51

diet,inactivity,dehydration, medication

Question 52

How to prevent constipation? x4

Answer 52

1)Defecate when needed 2)Consume Sufficient Fibre 3)Drink Fluids 4)Be physically active

Question 53

What is Diarrhea?

Answer 53

Frequent bowel movement

Question 54

What causes diarrhea?

Answer 54

Diet, stress, irritation of the colon

Question 55

What is IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)

Answer 55

Frequent bouts if diarrhea and constipation

Question 56

Where does the liver pull waste from?

Answer 56

Blood

Question 57

What are the two paths waste after the liver processes?

Answer 57

1)Sends them to the digestive tract with bile and to leave the body with feces 2)Prepares them to be sent to the kidneys for disposal in urine

Question 58

What do kidneys do in terms of the excretory system?

Answer 58

Waste and Water removal Filter blood and waste and water becomes urine

Question 59

Where is the excretion or retention of sodium occur? And why is it improtant

Answer 59

Kidney important for blood pressure regulation

Question 60

What regulates fluid volume and concentrations of substances in the blood and extracellular fluids?

Answer 60

Kidney

Question 61

How are kidney function regulated?

Answer 61

Hormones

Question 62

What occurs when we have extra nutrients?

Answer 62

Store it

Question 63

How are excess energy-containing nutrients stored?

Answer 63

Glycogen and Fat

Question 64

How are excess carbohydrates stored?

Answer 64

Glycogen

Question 65

How are excess fat proteins and carbohydrates stored?

Answer 65

Fat

Question 66

Where is excess fat stored?

Answer 66

Adipose Tissue

Question 67

Why are glucose and fat storage systems important?

Answer 67

Ensure that the body cells have a source of energy

Question 68

What happens to the storage of some nutrients if they reach toxic levels?

Answer 68

Stored without a limit. Vitamin D

Question 69

What occurs to the storage of nutrients that are usually rapidly depleted?

Answer 69

Stored in small amounts. Vitamin C