Chapter 8: Water And Sanitation

Question 1

Diarrheal deaths can be halved by teaching who, what

Answer 1

Teaching caregivers to wash their hands

Question 2

What are the most cost effective aid initiatives

Answer 2

Water and sanitation initiatives

Question 3

What was the Great Stink of 1858, and what was a result from it

Answer 3

Parliament in UK wasn’t able to meet bc of stench from Thames river

As a result London became the first city to construct a system of closed sewers and pumping stations

Question 4

When standards of water and sanitation are poor the importance of what becomes apparent

Answer 4

Importance of hygiene in personal health

Question 5

When water and sanitation standards fall rapidly (after disaster), the first results are what?

Answer 5

Water borne diseases like :
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Typhoid

Question 6

In chronic long standing areas of poor sanitation what becomes the principal determinate of ill health ?

Answer 6

Hygiene, particularly among children

Question 7

Improvements In hygiene can produce enormous benefits in what?

Answer 7

Reducing child mortality

Question 8

Who are the monitoring agencies for the hygiene targets?
How do they define the 3 categories of water sources?

Answer 8

WHO and UNICEF

Define water sources according to their level of safety;
unimproved
other improved
improved

Question 9

What % of the developing worlds population has access to a safe drinking source ?

Answer 9

91%

Question 10

How many people worldwide do not have access to improved water sources

Answer 10

663 million
majority SS Africa and S Asia

Question 11

What is the most obvious health risk associate with dirty water

Answer 11

Spread of water borne diseases

Question 12

Mosquitos depend on what for their larval stage

Answer 12

Stagnant untreated water

Question 13

Poor sanitation is __times __ common than unsafe water supplies.

__% is without sanitation vs ___% lack clean water

Answer 13

3x more common
50% lack Sani
15% lack water

Question 14

4 categories of sanitation based on degree of safety

Answer 14

Open Defecation
Unimproved facilities
Shared
Improved

Question 15

In 2015 how many ppl had no hygienic means of defecating?

What % is in South Asia and SS Africa?

Answer 15

2.4 billion

40% S Asia , 29% SS Africa

Question 16

What infections kill more children than diarrheal diseases?

Answer 16

Respiratory infections
(2 million vs 1.5 million)

Question 17

Polluted and overcrowded slums are ___ for children.

In 2003 290k kids were killed from ___

Answer 17

Death traps.
Killed from: drowning, traffic accidents, and poisoning

Question 18

35% of total burden of disease worldwide is due to what?

Answer 18

Environmental hazards

Question 19

What is the most common cause of years lost to disability in the developing world ?

Answer 19

Mental illness particularly depression

Question 20

Poor living conditions are closely associated with what 3 things ?

Answer 20

Substance misuse
Family violence
Child abuse

Question 21

The importance of housing is reflected in what SDG?

Answer 21

11:1

“ by 2030 ensure access to adequate safe and affordable housing, basic services, and upgrade slums”

Question 22

What is the largest slum settlement in the world?

Answer 22

Kibera,
5km from Kenya’s capital city Nairobi

Question 23

What are some Vector-control techniques?

Answer 23

Treating bed nets
Indoor residual spraying
Insect traps and screens
Large scale spraying

Question 24

What is the second most common cause of death among children ?

The introduction of what has reduced the death rate?

Answer 24

Diarrhea

Oral rehydration solution

Question 25

How many children die from avoidable gastroenteritis year

Answer 25

1.5 million

Question 26

Recurrent attacks of gastroenteritis results in worsening …. ?

Answer 26

Malnutrition

Question 27

What % of the worlds pop is chronically affected with intestinal worms ? How is this caused ?

Answer 27

33% , caused by fecal contamination of water

Question 28

What is the total economic return in terms of more working days and better health?

Answer 28

$84 billion per year

Question 29

The cost of completely removing the last few cases of diseases like polio is so high that strong arguments have been made to aim for ____ rather than compete eradication

Answer 29

“Rare but still present”

Question 30

What are the greatest infectious threats to human health and productivity, and what were the deaths in 2009?

Answer 30

**HIV** (1.8 million deaths) **TB** (1.3 million deaths) **Malaria** (0.8 million deaths)

Question 31

What is the most severe form of malaria

Answer 31

P. falciparum (doesn’t have liver cycle)

Question 32

Destruction of red blood cells leads to what

Answer 32

Anemia Jaundice Fever

Question 33

Who has the highest mortality from malaria?

Answer 33

Those with reduced immunity : Children, pregnant woman, travellers (5% case fatality rates for travellers)

Question 34

Why is it difficult to develop malaria vaccine ?

Answer 34

Because of the complexity of the malaria life cycle

Question 35

What 3 malaria programs have produced significant gains over the last decade?

Answer 35

Roll back Malaria MGDs Global Malaria Action Plan

Question 36

There are 106 countries where Malaria remains endemic, but 3 countries have been declared free of the disease. They are …

Answer 36

Morocco, Turkmenistan, UAE

Question 37

What was the treatment for TB until the first drug (streptomycin) was developed in 1943?

Answer 37

nutrition and rest in Sanatoria

Question 38

What is the principal source of infection of TB? Intestinal infection still occur in areas where …

Answer 38

Air borne droplets from infected patients Intestinal infections = unpasteurized milk from infected cattle

Question 39

Resistant TB is how many times more lethal than sensitive TB, and how much more expensive to treat?

Answer 39

Resistant 3x more lethal than sensitive 10x more expensive to treat

Question 40

Single drug treatment is associated with rapid development of what?

Answer 40

Drug resistance

Question 41

Most TB treatments courses rely on how many medications ?

Answer 41

3-4 medications, cut down to 2 drugs as time progresses

Question 42

How many ppl are living with HIV, and how many ppl have died ?

Answer 42

36.7 million ppl w/ HIV 30 million ppl died

Question 43

1) Early stages of HIV 2) As disease progresses 3) Later stages

Answer 43

1) asymptomatic, fever 2) weight loss, skin infections candida 3) bacterial infections, TB, spread to brain, severe wasting

Question 44

In the absence of supportive care and antiviral treatment, the progression from full blown AIDS to death usually occurs in ____, but can be dramatically altered by what?

Answer 44

death occurs in less than a year Provision of effective antiretroviral therapy

Question 45

Which country was the first to provide universal antiretroviral therapy for infected HIV patients ?

Answer 45

Brazil It’s AIDS program has halved the mortality and infection rates - program integrates prevention and treatment

Question 46

What major diseases are caused by the combination of polluted water, no sanitation, and poor living environment?

Answer 46

Diarrhea Malnutrition

Question 47

Controlling spread of infection needs direct and indirect interventions such as …

Answer 47

Vaccinations Improving housing, sanitation, and nutrition

Question 48

What 3 programs have combined to produce significant gains over the last decade in eradicating malaria

Answer 48

Roll back malaria MDG Global malaria action plan

Question 49

The global malaria action plan includes what 4 interventions

Answer 49

Insecticide treated mosquito nets Indoor residual spraying Prompt diagnosis & treatment Intermittent treatment during pregnancy

Question 50

In the early 20th century what was the most common cause of adult death

Answer 50

TB

Question 51

What was STOP TBs 5 strategies

Answer 51

Vaccination DOTS strategy Case detection Treatment standards Drug access