1
Q
Water Food sources?
A
- Fluids
- Fruits
- Vegetables
2
Q
Hard water contains high mineral levels such as __________ and ______________ ?
A
- Calcium
- Magnesium
3
Q
Soft water naturally contains ____________?
A
Sodium
4
Q
Soft water is a problem for individuals who have ____________ problems?
A
Cardiac problems
5
Q
Individuals with cardiac problems should use what when drinking soft water?
A
A filter!
6
Q
A filter should be used to remove ___________ from soft water?
A
Sodium
7
Q
The majority of water absorption occurs where?
A
Large Intestine (regulated by colon)
8
Q
Water is _____ ________________, but is an integral component of metabolic processes
A
Not metabolized
9
Q
Every single cell in the body needs __________?
A
Water 💦
10
Q
Functions of Water?
A
- Structural component of cells
- Regulation of body temperature
- Lubricant
- Shock- absorber: cushions body tissues
- Solvent for transportation of nutrients & waste
- Source of trace minerals
- Medium for biochemical reactions
- Reactant
11
Q
_________ and __________ are most vulnerable to dehydration in the first year?
A
Newborn & Infant
12
Q
When should you introduce straight water to newborns and infants ?
A
Around a year
13
Q
What is the function of Fluid & Electrolytes?
A
To maintain fluid balances; cells control movement of electrolytes
14
Q
What does FVD stand for?
A
Fluid Volume Deficit
15
Q
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances lead to what?
A
Fluid volume deficits
16
Q
Who are most at risk for Fluid Volume Deficits?
A
- Elderly
- Infants
17
Q
Signs & Symptoms of FVD?
A
- Hypotensive
- Dry skin/mouth
- Minimal tears in kids
- Lightheadedness
- Weight loss
18
Q
What is Fluid Volume Excess?
A
Increased Fluid retention and edema
19
Q
Fluid Volume Excess is associated with what?
A
- Compromised regulatory mechanism
- Excess fluid intake
- Excess sodium
20
Q
Causes of Fluid Volume Excess?
A
- Sodium retention
- Kwashiorkor
- Water intoxication
(To much water over a short period of time, resulting in solution of electrolytes)
21
Q
How many essential minerals are there?
A
16 essential
22
Q
Minerals are divided into what 2 categories?
A
- Major minerals
- Trace minerals
23
Q
Major minerals require __________ amounts and Trace minerals require __________ amounts?
A
Major minerals = Large amounts
Trace minerals = Small amounts
24
Q
Food sources for Minerals?
A
- Plants
- Animals
25
________ _____________ May result in mineral loss?
Food processing
26
Fortification of foods with minerals means what?
Putting back in artificial minerals
27
What happens to minerals during the digestion of food?
Minerals are separated from food
28
_________________ affects the levels of minerals absorbed?
Bioavailability
29
In Minerals, there is a risk for deficiencies in ______, _______, and ______
- Iron
- Calcium
- Zinc
* All Americans have a risk for these due to the* nature of our diets
30
_______________ is not metabolized by the human body?
Minerals
31
______________ are inorganic and do not provide energy?
Minerals
32
What is the Function of Calcium?
- Structure and Storage
(99% in bones)
( 1% In body fluids)
33
What increases calcium absorption?
An active lifestyle
34
How does your body get Calcium, if your not getting enough through your diet?
- It will get pulled from your bones 🦴
35
Calcium sources?
- Dairy products
- Leafy greens 🥬
- Small fish 🐠 with small bones
- Fortified foods (orange juice)
- Legumes
- Tofu processed with calcium
- Canned sardines
36
Calcium deficiencies?
- Low blood calcium levels
- calcium tetany (muscle spasms)
- Reduced bone density
- Stunted growth
- Osteoporosis
37
High blood calcium levels cause what?
Calcium rigor (stiff muscles)
38
Osteoporosis affects what gender more?
Female
- Typically after they go through menapouse
- Asians & African Americans
39
What is the concern with Calcium toxicity?
- Supplement concerns
| Taking to many supplements can lead to toxicity
40
A lot of calcium in the blood = ?
Low phosphorus
41
Low phosphorus = ?
High calcium
42
Phosphorus Functions?
- 85% in bones and teeth
| - 15% for energy transfer, genetic material, acid-base buffer, and phospholipids
43
Phosphorus sources?
- Widely available in foods
* * Especially protein rich foods**
- Diary
- Eggs
- Meat
- Fish
- Cereal grains
44
Phosphorus deficiencies are ___________?
Unknown
45
Phosphorus Toxicity
Excessive phosphorus, usually from supplements can cause what?
Causes Calcium excretion
46
Magnesium Functions?
- structural and storage function in bones
- regulates nerve and muscle function
( including the heart)
47
What are symptoms of Magnesium deficiencies?
- Muscle twitching and weakness
| - convulsions
48
Magnesium toxicity is _______ but _______
Rare but serious
49
Sulfur Function?
Component of protein structures
50
Sulfur sources?
All protein-containing foods
51
What Minerals toxicity is Not a health issue?
Sulfur
52
Sulfur deficiencies _________________?
Do not occur
53
What are Electrolytes?
Minerals circulating in blood and other body fluids that carry electrical charge
54
Sodium functions?
- Primary extracellular electrolyte
- Maintenance of BP and volume
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Fluid balance
55
Sodium sources?
- Table salt (sodium chloride)
- processed foods
- occurs naturally in some foods
56
A sodium deficiency is called what?
Hyponatremia
57
What are sodium deficiencies caused by?
Caused by dehydration and / or excessive diarrhea
58
Symptoms of a sodium deficiency?
- headache
- muscle cramps
- weakness
- reduced ability to concentrate
- memory loss
- appetite loss
59
What occurs with sodium toxicity?
Sodium sensitive hypertension and edema
60
What are the functions of potassium?
- primary intracellular action maintains fluid levels inside the cells
- Normal function of nerves and muscles (heart)
61
Sources of Potassium?
- unprocessed foods
- potatoes 🥔
- tomatoes 🍅
- bananas 🍌
- oranges 🍊
- other fruits
- vegetables
- dairy products
- legumes
62
Causes of Potassium deficiencies?
- Dehydration
| (From Nausea or vomiting, diuretics, and misuse of laxatives)
63
Symptoms of Potassium deficiencies?
- muscle weakness
- confusion
- appetite lose
Severe cases:
- cardiac dysrhythmias
64
What causes Potassium toxicity?
Supplement use
65
Symptoms of potassium toxicity?
- muscle weakness
- confusion
- vomiting
- cardiac arrest
66
Function of Chloride?
- Extracellular amino maintains fluid inside/outside the cells
- Component of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
67
Sources of Chloride?
- table salt (sodium chloride)
| - foods with sodium
68
Chloride deficiencies are very _________?
Rare
69
Chloride toxicities caused by imbalances from ______________?
Dehydaration
70
Functions of Iron?
- Distributes oxygen: component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
| - Assists enzymes in oxygen use by all cells
71
Iron deficiencies are common among who?
- women of childbearing age
- teenage girls
- young children
72
Zinc functions?
- GROWTH process
- taste
- smell
- WOUND HEALING
- immune system
- carbohydrate metabolism
73
Zinc sources?
- meat 🥩
- fish 🐟
- poultry
- whole grains
- legumes
- eggs
74
Symptoms of Zinc deficiencies?
- impaired growth & wound healing
- reduces appetite, taste, & smell
- immunologic disorders
75
A severe Zinc deficiency may result in ____________ and ________________?
- Dwarfism
| - Hypogonadism
76
In the U.S. who is at risk for Zinc deficiencies?
- “picky” eaters
| - older adults
77
What causes Zinc toxicity?
Excess supplementation
| produces GI distress leading to vomiting and diahrrhea, Fever, exhaustion (similar time flu)
78
Iodine Function?
- Part of hormone thyroxin produced by thyroid gland
79
Sources of Iodine?
- Salt fortified with iodine (check label)
- Seafood
* Sea salt DOES NOT have iodine in it*
80
Iodine is associated with what medical problems?
Thyroid problems
81
Sluggishness and weight gain is associated with what mineral deficiency?
Iodine deficiency
82
What mineral deficiency causes a deficiency during pregnancy causing cretinism of the fetus?
Iodine deficiency
83
Iodine deficiency reduces what?
Thyroxine production
84
Iodine toxicity causes what?
- Thyrotoxicosis
| - iodine-induced goiter
85
Fluoride function?
- Increases resistance to tooth 🦷 decay
- increases part of tooth formation
- Bone mineralization for skeletal health
86
Sources of Fluoride?
- Fluoridated water (where available)
- tea
- seafood
- toothpaste ingestion
87
Fluoride deficiency increases the risk for ?
- cavities
| - May alter bone health
88
What does Fluoride toxicity cause?
Fluorosis- Brown spotting on 🦷
| (Mild discoloring)
89
Selenium function?
Part of enzyme that acts as antioxidant
90
Sources of Selenium?
- meats🥩
- fish 🐠
- eggs 🥚
- whole grains
91
Keshan Disease is caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
Selenium deficiency
92
Selenium deficiency may associated with a what?
Increased cancer risk
93
Symptoms of Selenium toxicity?
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- metallic aftertaste
- respiratory distress with lung edema & bronchopneumonia
- garlic scented breath and sweat
- severe liver damage
94
Selenium toxicity is toxic at _______ levels?
LOW levels
| As low as 5 times RDA - 55mcg
95
Copper functions?
- coenzyme
- wound healing
- nerve fiber protection
- iron utilization
96
Sources of Copper?
- organ meats (liver)
- seafood
- leafy green vegetables
- legumes
- whole grains
- dried fruits
- water (if pipes are copper)
97
Symptoms of Copper deficiencies?
- Anemia
- bone demineralization
** Copper deficiency does not occur in U.S.**
98
How does a Copper toxicity develop?
From supplementation
| - vomiting & diarrhea
99
Wilson’s Disease is a result of what mineral toxicity?
Copper
100
What is Wilson’s disease?
Inherited disorder characterized by accumulation of copper in the brain, liver and cornea
101
Wilson’s disease (Copper toxicity) leads to what?
- leads to cirrhosis
- chronic hepatitis
- liver failure
- neurologic disorders
102
Chromium is what type of mineral?
TRACE mineral
103
Chromium function?
- Carbohydrate metabolism as constituent of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)
104
Sources of chromium?
- Animal - derived foods
- Eggs
- Whole grains
105
Chromium deficiency causes what?
Impaired glucose tolerance and unresponsiveness to insulin
106
Deficiencies in Chromium are ____________?
Unusual
107
Chromium toxicity is a result from what?
From enviornmental contaminants in industrial settings rather than from excessive dietary intakes
Nutrition Exam 2
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