Chapter 9 + 10 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Atoms
A
Atoms: the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.
2
Q
Elements of life
A
• 6 important elements of life: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur (CHONPS)
3
Q
Molecules
A
2) Molecules: two or more atoms joined together.
Molecule (DNA)
• Large Biological molecules: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.
4
Q
Simplest basic structural and functional unit of life
A
Cell
5
Q
Smallest unit of matter , participate in chemical reactions
A
Atoms
6
Q
How does each human being begin ?
A
- each human being begins as a single cell (fertilized egg), which divides to create 2 cells (unspecialized) and so on.
- the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell (epithelial cell , connective-tissue cell , neuron , muscle cell )is known as cell differentiation.
7
Q
How can cells be identified in the body?
A
About 200 distinct kinds of cells can be identified in the body in terms of differences in structure and function.
Which there is four categories of cells based on broad structure and function
8
Q
Major categories of cells :
A
*Four major categories of cells based on broad structure & function:
(1) epithelial cells
(2) connective-tissue cells
(3) neurons
(4) muscle cells
*In each of these functional categories, several cell types perform variations of the specialized function.
9
Q
How does tissues form?
A
Differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate together to form tissues.
10
Q
Four types of tissues:
A
1) epithelial tissues.
2) connective tissue.
3) nervous tissue.
4) muscle tissue.
11
Q
The study of normal tissues
A
Histology
- note: should be normal! *
12
Q
Organ.
A
Collection of 2 or more types of tissue that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.
13
Q
How many organs within human body?
A
79 organs.
14
Q
How does tissues aggregate and function in the organ stomach ?
A
1) inside of the stomach is lined with epithelial tissue.
2) The wall of the stomach contains smooth muscle.
3) Nervous tissue in)stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion
4) Connective tissue (binds) all the above tissues together
15
Q
System
A
Groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform ⭐️common⭐️ functions in the body
16
Q
Systems in the body.
A
*Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system
*There are 11 organ systems of the human body
1) integumentary system
2) skeletal system
3) muscular system
4) lymphatic system / Immune System
5) respiratory system
6) digestive system
7) nervous system
8) endocrine system
9) cardiovascular (circulatory) system
10) urinary system
11) reproductive systems
17
Q
Major tissue in glands.
A
Epithelial tissues
18
Q
Positions of epithelial tissues (read)
A
• The outermost layer of skin is composed of dead stratified
squamous epithelial cells.
•2) The mucous membranes lining the inside of mouths and body cavities.
3) The line the insides of the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive and urinary tracts.
4) Endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels) is a specialized form of epithelium.
5) They make up the exocrine and endocrine glands. U)
19
Q
What does The outermost layer of skin is composed of?
A
dead stratified squamous epithelial cells.
20
Q
Mucous membranes are type of.
A
Epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue.
21
Q
What does The line the insides of the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive
and urinary tracts.
Compose of
A
Epithelial tissues.
22
Q
What is endothelium?
A
The inner lining of blood vessels – it is a specialized form of epithelium.
23
Q
What is the inner lining of blood vessels?
A
Endothelium
24
Q
What type of tissues make up the exocrine and endocrine glands?
A
Epithelial tissues.
25
Examples about glands that consist of epithelial tissues:
→ exocrine.
→ endocrine.
26
Functions of epithelial cells:
Functions of epithelial cell include
🤍secretion,
🤍absorption,
🤍protection,
🤍transcellular transport,
🤍sensation detection,
🤍 selective permeability.
27
Classification of epithelial tissues:
Epithelial cells are classified by the following three factors:
1) Shape
2) Stratification (cell arrangement)
3) Specializations
28
Epithelial cells classification based on shape :
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
4) Transitional
29
Shape of squamous epithelial cells
Flat cells itch an irregular flattened shape
30
Function of squamous epithelial tissues :
* inactive metabolically * associated with the diffusion of water , electrolytes and other substances ( facilitate diffusion and exchange in tissues)
31
Locations of squamous epithelial tissues :
(Remember they facilitate diffusion and exchange in tissues )
=The alveoli of the respiratory membrane.
= endothelium of capillaries
= The filtration tubules of the kidneys.
32
Shape of cuboidal epithelial cells:
🔥✨They have a shape similar fo a cube, meaning its width is the same as its height..
🔥✨The nuclei of these cells are usually localized in the center of the cell.
33
Function of cuboidal cells:
- Secretion, excretion, absorption
- enable excretion of gland products such as saliva, milk, sweat.
34
🌷🐙 examples on locations in the body of cuboidal tissue:
🦕 the glandular tissues throughout the body
🦕 the walls of tubules and in the ducts of the kidney, pancrease and liver
🪼للحفظ ، في الأنسجة اللي بتفرز ، والأعضاء اللي بتفرز🪼
35
Columnar epithelial cells shape
These cells are taller than they are wide. The nucleus is also closer to the base of the cell. '
36
Function of columnar cells
This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has cilia or microvilli.
)🎃 for example : These cells absorb material from the lumen of the digestive tract and prepare it for entry into the body through the circulatory and lymphatic systems.)
37
Examples on locations of cloumnar:
Examples on locations in the body (form mucus membranes):
• The lining of the intestine, stomach, and colon
• They are also found in the respiratory tract
38
What helps the columnar cells to secrete mucous :
🫒 unicellular glands called ✨goblet cells✨ :
⭐️scattered throughout the 🪼simple🪼 , 🪼columnar🪼 , 🪼epithelial🪼 cells
⭐️ secrete mucous
🫒 the name of the layer that secrets mucous is : mucosa
39
Describe the micro ills on the columnar cells :
🦕 they are found in the free surface of the columnar cell
🦕 tiny hairlike projections
🦕 they increase the surface area for the absorption .
40
Define transitional epithelial tissue :
💉 This is a specialized type of epithelium made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched (changes shape).
💉 Transitional (modification of stratified epithelium›
Roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched
41
Describe the appearance of epithelium:
The cells can slide over each other the appearance of this epithelium depends on whether the organ is distended or contracted :
🌂💜 • If distended (stretched), it appears as if there are only a few layers
🌂💜 • When contracted (relaxed), it appears as if there are several layers.
42
What is the other name of transitional epithelial tissue ?
Urothelium
43
Locations of transitional epithelial tissue:
Examples on locations in the body:
• The lining of the urethra, ureters, and urinary bladder.
Found only in the urinary system
🐬🤍 also called urothelium
44
Transitional tissue not stretched (relaxed)
9 not flattend.
appears more than ohe layer. sells shape is normal
45
Transitional tissue are distended (stretched)
*Flattened.
*Less / few layers.
* appears as if there are only a few layers
46
Epithelial cells classification based on stratification:
Epithelial cells classification based on stratification:
🔥1) Simple
🔥2) Stratified
Stratified cells can usually withstand
large amounts of stress.
• No cilia in stratified tissue
🔥3) Pseudostratified (with cilia)
• The position of the nuclei gives the impression that it is stratified
✨A cell that contains hairs will be around ten tinges stronger than a regular cell
47
Epithelial cells classification based on specialization:
Epithelial cells classification based on specialization:
🩷1) Keratinized cells (squamous cells)
• Contain keratin
• Found mainly in the skin, It is also found in the mouth and nose.
• provide a tough, impermeable barrier.
laye
🩷2) Ciliated cells (columnar cells)
• Have apical plasma membrane extensions composed of microtubules.
• Have beating/moving pattern to move mucus/other substances through a duct.
• Mainly found in the respiratory system
and the lining of the oviduct.
Move eggs from Ovals through fallopian tubes
48
Shape of cells that has a simple layer
#Squamous
* cuboidal
* columnar
49
Shapes of cells that have. Stratified layer.
→ squamous {nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized }
→ cuboidal (very rare)
→ columnar (very rare)
50
Shapes of cells that have the layer Pseudostratified
Columnar
51
(modification of
simple epithelium)
Pseudostratified
52
(modification of stratified epithelium›
Transitional
53
The name of the muscle cells
Myocytes
54
What does muscle cells contain in general?
Contractile fibers
55
Describe the contractile fibers:
Muscle cells (Myocytes) contain contractile fibres,
⭐️ the contraction of the fibres accounts for
✨the movement associated with animals,
✨ food movement gut,
✨and heat production.
56
There are three types of muscle tissues:
There are three types of muscle tissues:
1) Smooth Muscle
2) Skeletal Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle
57
Smooth muscles in general :
*The primary muscles found in the internal organ such as blood vessels and stomach.
*Its function is to stimulate the contractility of the urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems, blood vessels and airways.
*Muscles are involuntary.
*Muscle cells are spindle-shaped (ends are tapered) with a single nucleus.
*Muscle fibers are small and lack striations.
58
What is the type of The primary muscles found in the internal organ
Smooth muscles
59
Skeletal muscles in general
* Skeletal muscles are voluntary.
• Muscle fibres are very long, extending the length of the muscle.
« Muscle fibres are multinucleated.
* Muscle fibres appear striated (alternating light and dark bands) under the microscope.
60
*Its function is to stimulate the contractility of the urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems, blood vessels and airways.
Smooth muscles
61
Cardiac muscles in general:
*Cardiac muscle found only in the heart
«The cardiac muscle is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore, the pumping blood through the circulatory system.
* Muscles are involuntary.
*Muscles are single-celled and with only one nucleus.
*Muscle fibres are also striated but smaller and branched.
*The cells in the muscle are joined by junctions called intercalated discs.
62
Function of cardiac muscle
💜🩷responsible for the contractility of the heart and,
💜🩷the pumping blood through the circulatory system.
63
responsible for, the pumping blood through the circulatory system.
Cardiac muscles
64
Name of the junctions that joined the cardiac muscles cells
Intercalated discs
65
Function of nervous tissue:
هو اللي مسؤول عن الاستجابة والنقل للمحفزات والإشارات
اذاً
👁️ responds to stimuli
👁️ transmits impulses from one body part to another.
66
What are the cells that compose the nervous tissue
🐻 neurons (specialized cells)
🐻glial cells (supporting cells)
Also called : neuroglia (neuro+glial)
67
What is the structural and functional unit of nervous system ?
Neurons (nerve cells) . They are information messengers
68
Parts of neurons
1) cell body
2) dendrites ( receive impulses as inputs)
3) Axon ( sends impulses as outputs)
—- -
🦆 The neuron occur in a wide variety of sizes and shapes
69
How many types of glial cells do we have ?
6 types of:
4 types found only in CNS , supports the neurons in the CNS.
2 types found only in PNS , supports the neurons in the PNS.
70
What is the connective tissue composed of ?
= extracellular matrix
=limited number of cells
👽 the cells are separated by non living material called matrix
71
Function of connective tissue:
* Bind & support body parts.
* fill spaces.
* protects.
* store fat (as energy).
* transports material
72
Types of connective tissue:
Connective tissue has 3 main types:
1) Loose connective tissue
It includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues
2) Dense (Fibrous) connective tissue
P
It includes regular and irregular connective tissues
3) Specialized connective tissue
It includes bone, blood and cartilage connective tissues
73
Fibers in loose and dense tissues :
Loose and dense connective tissues contain three kinds of fibers:
1) Collagen fibers provide strength and flexibility (most abundant protein)
2) Elastic fibers provide elasticity. When stretched, they return to their original
shape.
3) Reticular fibers are small and branched. They provide a support framework
for organs such as the liver and lymph nodes.
The collagen fibers of dense connective tissue are more
closely packed than those of loose connective tissue.
74
Difference between dense and loose connective tissues:
The collagen fibers of dense connective tissue are more
closely packed than those of loose connective tissue.
75
Cell types can be found in the loose and dense connective tissue :
Fibroblasts: They produce the fibers and nonliving matrix material
2) Macrophages: cells specialized for phagocytizing foreign materials,
bacteria, and cleaning up debris.
76
(loose) Areolar connective tissue.
The most widespread connective tissue of the body.
The fibroblasts (cells) of areolar connective tissue are separated by a
nonliving, jellylike matrix.
The tissue contains collagen fibers for flexibility and strength, and|
numerous elastic fibers that enable it to be stretched.
It is found in the skin and in most internal organs where it allows the
organs to expand.
It also forms a protective covering for muscles, blood vessels, and nerves,
77
The most widespread connective tissue of the body is :
Areolar loose connective tissue
78
In Areolar loose connective tissue , the fibroblasts are separated by :
Non-living jellylike matrix
79
Where can you find Areolar connective tissue
In the skin
Internal organs where it allows the organs to expand
Forms protective covering for muscles , blood vessels and nerves
80
Tissue forms protective covering :
Areolar loose connective tissue
81
Matrix of Areolar loose connective tissues
Jellyilike
82
naval MaUD
Loose Connective Tissue [Reticular Tissue]
It is a modified areolar tissue that contains large number of reticular cells
floating in fluid matrix.
Reticular connective tissue contains an abundance of reticular fibers.
It provides a supporting framework for organs such as the lymphoid organs
(lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils), bone marrow and liver.
83
Contains large number of reticular cells. (abundance- of reticular fibers! )
Loose connective tissue (reticular)
84
Position: Loose Connective Tissue [Reticular Tissue]
It provides a supporting framework for organs such as the lymphoid organs
(lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils), bone marrow and liver.
85
Loose Connective Tissue [Adipose Tissue]
It has reduced matrix material and contains enlarged fibroblasts (cells) that
store fat.
Adipose tissue functions to store energy, insulate, and provide padding,
especially in the skin and around the kidneys and heart.
The nucleus is pushed to on side because of fat droplets.
If the fat is not stained in
your slide, the cells in adipose tissue will look like
"ghost" cells
86
Adipose tissue matrix
It has reduced matrix material
87
It has reduced matrix material
Adipose loose connective tissues
88
Nucleus is pushed onside
Loose adipose connective tissue because of fat droplets
89
Dense. Connective tissue (regular)
Regular dense connective tissue contains collagen fibers oriented in one
direction to provide strength in that direction,
It is found in tendons and ligaments.
Tendons connect muscle to bone
Ligaments connect bone to bone
90
Regular dense connective tissue contains collagen fibers oriented in one
direction to provide strength in that direction,
Dense Connective Tissue [Regular Tissue]
91
Location: Dense Connective Tissue [Regular Tissue]
It is found in tendons and ligaments.
Tendons connect muscle to bone
Ligaments connect bone to bone
92
Dense Connective Tissue [Irregular Tissue
Irregular dense connective tissue contains collagen fibers oriented in many
90p
different directions.
It is found in the deep layers of the skin and the tough capsules that surround
many of the organs such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, nerves, bones, and
the covering of muscles.
It provides support and strength.
93
^ location: Dense Connective Tissue [Irregular Tissue]
It is found in the deep layers of the skin and the tough capsules that surround
many of the organs such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, nerves, bones, and
the covering of muscles.
